Effects Of Diabetes Education Programs On Reducing The A1c...

An extended literature search was conducted using four primary health care resources, CINAHL Plus, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and Health Source databases. Results yelled peer- reviewed articles that pertain to research surrounding diabetes education programs in reducing the A1C in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Each article was evaluated based on its applicability to the research question on this paper. The pattern used in selecting the articles included for evaluation can be found in the Appendix 1. The research strategies included key terms like diabetes, type 2, education, age, program, research, adult, and A1C. The search began with the CINAHL Plus database displaying a number of 575 articles. To enhance the search process, certain limiters served as a refining tool for selecting the most appropriate articles. The search methodology included criteria focusing on full text that was applied to access the entire articles. Abstract available was used as a brief relevance guideline, and if potentially relevant to the purpose study, the full-text was then in depth evaluated. Published date was considered for evaluating the most up-to-dated evidences of the literature. All the articles included in this paper were less than eight years old and published between January 2009 and April 2016. In addition, English language was a decisive criterion for the guided search articles. Another limiter used in the search proceeding implied the â€Å"research† to select theShow MoreRelatedDiabetes : A Common And Well Known Disease1564 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Diabetes is a common and well-known disease in the US. Healthcare providers manage the care of patients daily as both direct and indirect effects of diabetes contribute to their poor health. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is characterized by high blood sugar levels as a result of insulin resistance. The risk factors associated with an increasing prevalence in the US includes genetics, family history, poor eating habits, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity.1 Healthcare providers are challengedRead MoreA Short Note On Diabetes And Diabetes Mellitus1545 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes is a disease that plagues many individuals, causes adverse health problems, and if left uncontrolled can lead to premature death. Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by unstable glucose levels and has 3 different forms: Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes. This research paper will focus on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease in which insulin is not produced s ufficiently or non-existing within the pancreas, causing an increase in theRead MoreType 2 Diabetes Mellitus ( T2dm )1317 Words   |  6 PagesType 2 Diabetes Mellitus Too often woman receive the diagnosis of chronic illnesses like type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is one of the top ten diseases among women. To a large extend, diabetes is preventable; however, women tend to overlook preventive care because they think they do not have the time or they are too busy taking care of everyone but themselves. Yet, women have the power to stay well by learning about the diseases that may strike them and knowing potential risk factors

The True Origin Of The Word Entrepreneurship Essay

The word entrepreneurship is a very diverse on what it means. The true origin of the word entrepreneur come from the word â€Å"entreprende† which is a French word that means â€Å"to undertake†. In the eighteenth century, a businessman named Richard Cantillon referred to entrepreneurs as â€Å"undertakers†, making him the first person to use the word in a business aspect. Today the word entrepreneur has been adopted to describe a specific group of people with certain characteristics. Today, Pinchot university and their modern definition to the word Entrepreneurship â€Å"is the willingness to take risks and develop, organize and manage a business venture in a competitive global marketplace that is constantly evolving Entrepreneurs are pioneers, innovators, leaders, and inventors†. Entrepreneurship is the career path the person on that career path is called an entrepreneur. Based on the definition given to us by pincheot university. We can consider an entrepreneur a person who has an impact on our economy. How good entrepreneurs are considered innovators which, paraphrasing it means to create something new or make an existing product better? Throughout history, there have seen people who created something that in one way or another shaped the world into what it is. Through their innovation they create new company’s hire people who then contribute to paying taxes boosting that nation’s economy. Furthermore, the products that entrepreneurs create can help better our lifestyles. For example,Show MoreRelatedSearch Of Noble Organizing : A Study On Social Entrepreneurship864 Words   |  4 PagesIn Search of Noble Organizing: A Study in Social Entrepreneurship Alka Srivastva studied the potential behind noble intentions and actionable social purpose. The reciprocal relationship between ethical behavior and value based activities depends heavily on the entrepreneurship mindset, personality, and economic values. Meaning entrepreneurship, when broken down, is about the person, act, and business entity. Alka Srivastva discovered 6 traits that he deemed universal of those traits the most impactfulRead MoreSocial Entrepreneurship And Social Innovation1502 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Entrepreneurship The term â€Å"social entrepreneurship† first appeared in the scholarly literature over 35 years ago in a publication titled The Sociology of Social Movements (Banks,1972). However, Social entrepreneurship has its origins in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when philanthropic business owners and industrialists like Robert Owen, demonstrated a concern for the welfare of employees by improving their working, schooling and cultural lives. Since then, social entrepreneurshipRead MoreEntrepreneurship Essay2192 Words   |  9 PagesEntrepreneurship There have been numerous attempts to define the traits or characteristics possessed by entrepreneurs. 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Desire to study the fieldRead MoreContributions of Entrepreneurial Businesses1978 Words   |  8 Pagesthe burgeoning labor force (Kauffman Foundation, 2012). Entrepreneurial firms are key employers that support the development of the local economies in which they are situated. According to the Kauffman Foundation an organization that promotes entrepreneurship over the last three decades, all of the net new jobs in U.S. labor markets can be attributed to startups (Rosenberg, 2001). All businesses participate in the creation and destruction of jobs in concert with changes in the economy. But in theirRead MoreAustralian Bankruptcy Law History2385 Words   |  10 Pagesof the Australian Bankruptcy Law. Through reviewing historical information, the origins of the current Bankruptcy Law are explored. Furthermore, the development of Corporate Insolvency Laws in Australia from 1901 through to 2001 Corporations Act is studied. 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This procedureRead MoreThe Entrepreneurial Mind-18021 Words   |  73 PagesPart 1 Chapter overview Photograph Entrepreneurship: Evolutionary Development—Revolutionary Impact 2 The Entrepreneurial Mind-Set in Individuals: Cognition and Ethics 31 The Entrepreneurial Mind-Set in Organizations: Corporate Entrepreneurship 67 Social Entrepreneurship and the Global Environment for Entrepreneurship 98 Entrepreneural case analysis Corporate Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Silicon Valley: The Case of Google, Inc. 127 Entrepreneurship: Evolutionary Development—Revolutionary

Origins Of The Concept Of Self Essay Sample free essay sample

Literally. the construct of ego concerns itself with the fact that persons have a certain degree of acknowledgment of events and occurrences in their immediate environment. The footings himself. herself. myself. and many others really confine themselves to this construct of ego. I n definition therefore we can mention to this term as the entirety of all systems refering an person with certain sentiments and attitudes he or she upholds for personal being ( Purkey. 1988 ) . In his construct of uncertainty. Rene Descartes. a philosopher of the 17Thursdaycentury argued that if he thinks so he could be certain that he existed. Harmonizing to his rule of uncertainty. Descartes suggested that it was a critical part of developing enquiries about nature. Furthermore. he argued that he did non doubt that he doubted. By the bend of the 20Thursdaycentury. a psychologist by the name Sigmund Freud came up with his theory of personality in which he demonstrated that internal mental procedures determined to a big extent the development of the ‘self’ in an person. However. it was his girl Anna ( 1946 ) who came with a clear penetration of the theory of personality by depicting the development of self-importance. Self consistence was the 2nd thought brought up by Prescott Lecky ( 1945 ) who in his theory suggested that ego consistence was and is cardinal as a motivational force in an person. Shortly after the description of ego consistence. Raimy ( 1948 ) came up with legion steps of ego construct which he fundamentally applied in Sessionss of guidance. Harmonizing to Raimy. psychotherapeutics is merely but a procedure of changing the procedure of self perceptual experience of an person. [ 1 ] It has been by and large accepted that self construct as the most personal facet of our human nature is as a consequence of our day-to-day interaction with our natural environment including our societal interaction with others. These interactions with others were expounded on by the celebrated ‘looking glass theory’ in which. Charles Cooley ( 1902 ) reflected appraisals we imagine others hold of us. In his positions George Herbert Mead extended this thought that self construct reflects the positions of other individuals by suggesting that the ego comes from following as our ain the orientations other people have towards us. As times goes we develop the impression of how other behave towards us. ( Ruch. 1975 ) . [ 2 ] Harmonizing to William James. this societal ego is merely one of the three chief constituents of ego. The other two are the stuff ego and the religious ego. We realize that the our ego construct is non a unitary entity. this means that we carry about as many societal egos as there are people who recognize us and ever keep our image in their head. What’s the deduction behind this? Here we merely intend that we may stop up enduring a lack of ego by missing a acknowledgment of others or by even acknowledging that the important image that the society clasp of us is a gross outing one and something wholly negative. ( Ruch. 1975 ) . An employee who is told by his employer that he has of all time known him as a lazy employee will most surely suffer from the ulterior experience. An exclusion can non be a pupil who is told by her female parent that she ever found her drilling. when she had ever thought that the female parent the female parent had ever taken her as a serious kid w henever she around her. ( Weed. 1986 ) . [ 3 ] In add-on to the ego development brought out as a consequence of assessments from other persons in the society. our construct of self construct comes from labeling with trait names the behaviour form we have of all time observed our egos engage in often or intensively. Furthermore. we sort of develop a hole of ourselves by virtuousness of societal comparing procedures. In this instance we try to develop the rightness of our thoughts. the quality of our of our sentiments. the rightness of our emotions. and the extent of our ability by comparing them with the behaviour of others. Once we develop some ego construct we tend to bias the information coming both from our environment and memory to be consistent with that image. Once once more the deduction behind this is that one time we begin believing extremely of ourselves and have positive ego regard. negative feedback is rid or treated as an account of regulation. On the other manus. once we develop low ego regard. positive feedba ck does small to alter it. This because the negative feedback is taken as an inconsistent exclusion. whereas any failure or bad experience is readily accommodated as expected grounds. It is baronial to observe that our ego construct non merely our relation with others but our sense of liberty ( because low esteem people are by and large conforming than are highs ) . the ends we aspire to and possibly the most of import. the quality of our private emotional life. PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF CONCEPT: [ 4 ] Philosophically. the term ego can be described as an entity made up of those indispensable features doing a human being distinguishable from every other being. Furthermore. it describes an thought of a complete entity which is regarded as the beginning of one’s consciousness. Therefore the ego is all about the discernible features of an single doing the ego as an agent through which duty for idea and individual’s actions get attributions. Therefore. the foregoing account of ego can merely intend that the ego can be thought of as a substance which takes through a span of clip and that the ideas and activities go oning at different spans are attributed to the ego. The methodological jobs experienced in the survey of the construct of ego normally affect the head and the consciousness. The construct of ego besides involves the thoughts of self- consciousness which involves the idea that one understands his or her being where a being is an single. life as a separate en tity from others with a complete separate head. At the minute of self consciousness people know themselves as existences. The description can depict self construct. in respect to their ain being. as a conceptual or mental consciousness. Philosophically. a being poses constituents attributed to psychological. physical and societal facets. [ 5 ] To convey a close relationship between psychological science and doctrine every bit far as the construct of ego is concerned ; we study the thought of head. We realize that psychological science and doctrine of the head are connected but the later is non the former. The difference comes in when we approximately consider psychological science as the survey of head and doctrine of head as endeavoring to understand the head by transporting out a series of probes about the head and the enigma behind its operation. The construct of ego comes in because we perceive ourselves as individuals and that we are rational existences by virtuousness of being intelligent. that is. an object in emanation of head which makes it possible for it to believe and be able to experience. Therefore. in understanding the enigma behind the head we in place to understanding ourselves. and even the enigma of what it is to be a individual or a human being. SELF CONCEPT IS A Solution TO THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS: [ 6 ] Neurosis: – This occurs when an single feels threatened by life jeopardies and inadequate to the undertaking of get bying up with them. In this instance the ordinary self-importance defenses we all use are non equal. With clip such a individual may stop und up trusting overly on one or more neurotic defence forms. These forms have in common the hunt for alleviation from anxiousness. Thus they are characterized by an absence of joy in life and by actions aimed at decreasing hurting instead than positive achievement or the constructive solution of objectively existent jobs. In kernel an person is driven off from the universe of world and the feeling of ego being. Neurosis are viewed as supplying impermanent solution to the existent job that many people cleaving on them urgently despite the fact that they do non work out their existent job and may even decline them. They therefore self get the better ofing in the long tally. With more realistic perceptual experience there w ill be no demand for this feeling of loss of joy or tortured preoccupation with concerns or menaces. A normal single maps as an organized whole and trades with defeats more efficaciously. [ 7 ] Shyness: – This psychological trait can be said to be an consciousness of one’s inability to take societal action when one both wants to and cognize how to set about such programmes. It is hence a subjective province influenced by the label one attaches to a given set of reaction. Shyness is accompanied by a great trade of isolation from the societal environment. Because of the feelings of insufficiency one tends to free from the common action of the multitudes. Excessive rough self-evaluations arise in portion from ignorance about the expectedness of such societal anxiousness and besides deficiency of realistic criterions against which to judge one’s societal behaviour ( Zimbardo. 1980 ) . The thought of ego construct is of import here because the feeling of ego thrusts an single towards the feeling of ego assurance. [ 8 ] Michiavalism: – This trait in the ego is regarded as the grade to which persons are manipulative and matter-of-fact. In the graduated tables that have been developed to mensurate michiavalism among the members of the population. on one terminal is the High Machs. people with comparative criterions of behaviour. and at the other terminal. those who are Machs and have absolute criterions. Machiavellians are symbolized by emotional distance and are guided by what they know rationally. instead emotionally. Self construct here is explained in the behaviours of the High Machs who embrace the ego assurance in themselves. ( Zimbardo. 1980 ) . SELF CONCEPT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS: The construct of ego is most associated with the feeding jobs. particularly among the striplings in any given population. From many researches that have so far been conducted it has been argued that Eating Attitude Test ( EAT ) measured jobs of eating by analyzing diet. and Bulimia –food preoccupation. From these findings it was concluded that misss low across the graduated table were more frequently than non characterized by high ego esteem which was accompanied high ego perceptual experience attitude. On the other manus. low ego regard and unstable ego perceptual experience was recorded in misss high on all eat graduated tables. For older members of the community it was found out that Bulimic and dieting inclinations were common. Decision: [ 9 ] When speaking on the rule of the self-concept we realize people in their day-to-day life have formed theories about themselves –recognizing egos as functional persons. It is hence possible to incorporate the phenomologists’ thoughts about the nature of ego –concept. We recognize this construct as a system of constructs organized in a hierarchy and that it is contained in a broader system of constructs. Furthermore. there several empirical egos contained within a system of whole and this include material ego. religious ego and even the physical and the organic structure ego. As we had noted earlier on. the ego construct comes from experience. particularly experiences accruing from our societal life interaction with important others. Consequensely. self concept can be regarded as holding two major maps in the acknowledgment of our experiences and hence forming informations of the same. and the desire to demands while at the same clip avoiding societal disappr oval of egos. Mentions: 10 new wave Gulick. Robert ( 1983 ) . consciouness Starnford encyclopaedia of doctrine. [ 1 ] Van Gulick. Robert ( 1983 ) . [ 2 ] Dimmitt. J. ( 1996 ) .Woman Abuse. Assimilation. and Self-Concept in a Rural Mexican American Community.Latino Journal of Behavioral Sciences [ 3 ] Van Gulick. Robert ( 1983 ) . [ 4 ] Armstrong. David M. A ; Malcolm. Norman ( 1984 ) .Consciousness and Causality: A Argument on the [ 5 ] new wave Gulick. Robert ( 1983 ) . consciouness Stanford encyclopaedia of doctrine. [ 6 ] Armstrong. David M. A ; Malcolm. Norman ( 1984 ) .Consciousness and Causality [ 7 ] Davis. R. C. . Erez. E. ( 1998 ) .Immigrant Populations as Victims: Toward a Multicultural Criminal Justice System.Rhenium [ 8 ] De Vidas. M. ( 1999 ) .Childhood sexual maltreatment and domestic force: A support group for Latino gay work forces and tribades [ 9 ] Armstrong. David M. A ; Malcolm. Norman ( 1984 ) .Consciousness and Causality: A Argument on the

Origins Of The Concept Of Self Essay Sample free essay sample

Literally. the construct of ego concerns itself with the fact that persons have a certain degree of acknowledgment of events and occurrences in their immediate environment. The footings himself. herself. myself. and many others really confine themselves to this construct of ego. I n definition therefore we can mention to this term as the entirety of all systems refering an person with certain sentiments and attitudes he or she upholds for personal being ( Purkey. 1988 ) . In his construct of uncertainty. Rene Descartes. a philosopher of the 17Thursdaycentury argued that if he thinks so he could be certain that he existed. Harmonizing to his rule of uncertainty. Descartes suggested that it was a critical part of developing enquiries about nature. Furthermore. he argued that he did non doubt that he doubted. By the bend of the 20Thursdaycentury. a psychologist by the name Sigmund Freud came up with his theory of personality in which he demonstrated that internal mental procedures determined to a big extent the development of the ‘self’ in an person. However. it was his girl Anna ( 1946 ) who came with a clear penetration of the theory of personality by depicting the development of self-importance. Self consistence was the 2nd thought brought up by Prescott Lecky ( 1945 ) who in his theory suggested that ego consistence was and is cardinal as a motivational force in an person. Shortly after the description of ego consistence. Raimy ( 1948 ) came up with legion steps of ego construct which he fundamentally applied in Sessionss of guidance. Harmonizing to Raimy. psychotherapeutics is merely but a procedure of changing the procedure of self perceptual experience of an person. [ 1 ] It has been by and large accepted that self construct as the most personal facet of our human nature is as a consequence of our day-to-day interaction with our natural environment including our societal interaction with others. These interactions with others were expounded on by the celebrated ‘looking glass theory’ in which. Charles Cooley ( 1902 ) reflected appraisals we imagine others hold of us. In his positions George Herbert Mead extended this thought that self construct reflects the positions of other individuals by suggesting that the ego comes from following as our ain the orientations other people have towards us. As times goes we develop the impression of how other behave towards us. ( Ruch. 1975 ) . [ 2 ] Harmonizing to William James. this societal ego is merely one of the three chief constituents of ego. The other two are the stuff ego and the religious ego. We realize that the our ego construct is non a unitary entity. this means that we carry about as many societal egos as there are people who recognize us and ever keep our image in their head. What’s the deduction behind this? Here we merely intend that we may stop up enduring a lack of ego by missing a acknowledgment of others or by even acknowledging that the important image that the society clasp of us is a gross outing one and something wholly negative. ( Ruch. 1975 ) . An employee who is told by his employer that he has of all time known him as a lazy employee will most surely suffer from the ulterior experience. An exclusion can non be a pupil who is told by her female parent that she ever found her drilling. when she had ever thought that the female parent the female parent had ever taken her as a serious kid w henever she around her. ( Weed. 1986 ) . [ 3 ] In add-on to the ego development brought out as a consequence of assessments from other persons in the society. our construct of self construct comes from labeling with trait names the behaviour form we have of all time observed our egos engage in often or intensively. Furthermore. we sort of develop a hole of ourselves by virtuousness of societal comparing procedures. In this instance we try to develop the rightness of our thoughts. the quality of our of our sentiments. the rightness of our emotions. and the extent of our ability by comparing them with the behaviour of others. Once we develop some ego construct we tend to bias the information coming both from our environment and memory to be consistent with that image. Once once more the deduction behind this is that one time we begin believing extremely of ourselves and have positive ego regard. negative feedback is rid or treated as an account of regulation. On the other manus. once we develop low ego regard. positive feedba ck does small to alter it. This because the negative feedback is taken as an inconsistent exclusion. whereas any failure or bad experience is readily accommodated as expected grounds. It is baronial to observe that our ego construct non merely our relation with others but our sense of liberty ( because low esteem people are by and large conforming than are highs ) . the ends we aspire to and possibly the most of import. the quality of our private emotional life. PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF CONCEPT: [ 4 ] Philosophically. the term ego can be described as an entity made up of those indispensable features doing a human being distinguishable from every other being. Furthermore. it describes an thought of a complete entity which is regarded as the beginning of one’s consciousness. Therefore the ego is all about the discernible features of an single doing the ego as an agent through which duty for idea and individual’s actions get attributions. Therefore. the foregoing account of ego can merely intend that the ego can be thought of as a substance which takes through a span of clip and that the ideas and activities go oning at different spans are attributed to the ego. The methodological jobs experienced in the survey of the construct of ego normally affect the head and the consciousness. The construct of ego besides involves the thoughts of self- consciousness which involves the idea that one understands his or her being where a being is an single. life as a separate en tity from others with a complete separate head. At the minute of self consciousness people know themselves as existences. The description can depict self construct. in respect to their ain being. as a conceptual or mental consciousness. Philosophically. a being poses constituents attributed to psychological. physical and societal facets. [ 5 ] To convey a close relationship between psychological science and doctrine every bit far as the construct of ego is concerned ; we study the thought of head. We realize that psychological science and doctrine of the head are connected but the later is non the former. The difference comes in when we approximately consider psychological science as the survey of head and doctrine of head as endeavoring to understand the head by transporting out a series of probes about the head and the enigma behind its operation. The construct of ego comes in because we perceive ourselves as individuals and that we are rational existences by virtuousness of being intelligent. that is. an object in emanation of head which makes it possible for it to believe and be able to experience. Therefore. in understanding the enigma behind the head we in place to understanding ourselves. and even the enigma of what it is to be a individual or a human being. SELF CONCEPT IS A Solution TO THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS: [ 6 ] Neurosis: – This occurs when an single feels threatened by life jeopardies and inadequate to the undertaking of get bying up with them. In this instance the ordinary self-importance defenses we all use are non equal. With clip such a individual may stop und up trusting overly on one or more neurotic defence forms. These forms have in common the hunt for alleviation from anxiousness. Thus they are characterized by an absence of joy in life and by actions aimed at decreasing hurting instead than positive achievement or the constructive solution of objectively existent jobs. In kernel an person is driven off from the universe of world and the feeling of ego being. Neurosis are viewed as supplying impermanent solution to the existent job that many people cleaving on them urgently despite the fact that they do non work out their existent job and may even decline them. They therefore self get the better ofing in the long tally. With more realistic perceptual experience there w ill be no demand for this feeling of loss of joy or tortured preoccupation with concerns or menaces. A normal single maps as an organized whole and trades with defeats more efficaciously. [ 7 ] Shyness: – This psychological trait can be said to be an consciousness of one’s inability to take societal action when one both wants to and cognize how to set about such programmes. It is hence a subjective province influenced by the label one attaches to a given set of reaction. Shyness is accompanied by a great trade of isolation from the societal environment. Because of the feelings of insufficiency one tends to free from the common action of the multitudes. Excessive rough self-evaluations arise in portion from ignorance about the expectedness of such societal anxiousness and besides deficiency of realistic criterions against which to judge one’s societal behaviour ( Zimbardo. 1980 ) . The thought of ego construct is of import here because the feeling of ego thrusts an single towards the feeling of ego assurance. [ 8 ] Michiavalism: – This trait in the ego is regarded as the grade to which persons are manipulative and matter-of-fact. In the graduated tables that have been developed to mensurate michiavalism among the members of the population. on one terminal is the High Machs. people with comparative criterions of behaviour. and at the other terminal. those who are Machs and have absolute criterions. Machiavellians are symbolized by emotional distance and are guided by what they know rationally. instead emotionally. Self construct here is explained in the behaviours of the High Machs who embrace the ego assurance in themselves. ( Zimbardo. 1980 ) . SELF CONCEPT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS: The construct of ego is most associated with the feeding jobs. particularly among the striplings in any given population. From many researches that have so far been conducted it has been argued that Eating Attitude Test ( EAT ) measured jobs of eating by analyzing diet. and Bulimia –food preoccupation. From these findings it was concluded that misss low across the graduated table were more frequently than non characterized by high ego esteem which was accompanied high ego perceptual experience attitude. On the other manus. low ego regard and unstable ego perceptual experience was recorded in misss high on all eat graduated tables. For older members of the community it was found out that Bulimic and dieting inclinations were common. Decision: [ 9 ] When speaking on the rule of the self-concept we realize people in their day-to-day life have formed theories about themselves –recognizing egos as functional persons. It is hence possible to incorporate the phenomologists’ thoughts about the nature of ego –concept. We recognize this construct as a system of constructs organized in a hierarchy and that it is contained in a broader system of constructs. Furthermore. there several empirical egos contained within a system of whole and this include material ego. religious ego and even the physical and the organic structure ego. As we had noted earlier on. the ego construct comes from experience. particularly experiences accruing from our societal life interaction with important others. Consequensely. self concept can be regarded as holding two major maps in the acknowledgment of our experiences and hence forming informations of the same. and the desire to demands while at the same clip avoiding societal disappr oval of egos. Mentions: 10 new wave Gulick. Robert ( 1983 ) . consciouness Starnford encyclopaedia of doctrine. [ 1 ] Van Gulick. Robert ( 1983 ) . [ 2 ] Dimmitt. J. ( 1996 ) .Woman Abuse. Assimilation. and Self-Concept in a Rural Mexican American Community.Latino Journal of Behavioral Sciences [ 3 ] Van Gulick. Robert ( 1983 ) . [ 4 ] Armstrong. David M. A ; Malcolm. Norman ( 1984 ) .Consciousness and Causality: A Argument on the [ 5 ] new wave Gulick. Robert ( 1983 ) . consciouness Stanford encyclopaedia of doctrine. [ 6 ] Armstrong. David M. A ; Malcolm. Norman ( 1984 ) .Consciousness and Causality [ 7 ] Davis. R. C. . Erez. E. ( 1998 ) .Immigrant Populations as Victims: Toward a Multicultural Criminal Justice System.Rhenium [ 8 ] De Vidas. M. ( 1999 ) .Childhood sexual maltreatment and domestic force: A support group for Latino gay work forces and tribades [ 9 ] Armstrong. David M. A ; Malcolm. Norman ( 1984 ) .Consciousness and Causality: A Argument on the

Theory Integration in Intelligence

Methodology The understanding research approach is essential in determining the level of accuracy that can be attained in gathering information on intelligence. Any research methodology should reflect the objectives of a study. Grounded theory is a research methodology which begins with a question that guides a researcher, especially when collecting data.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Theory Integration in Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In intelligence studies, this theory demonstrates the influence of symbolic interactionism which generally focuses on social processes. Thornberg points out that â€Å"its original ideas of pure induction and not taking advantage of and using literature when collecting and analyzing data could easily be criticized†.1 Grounded theory and Measuring and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) MASINT is one of the intelligence-based requirements in the analy sis of information gathered from trails since it measures the distinct features. By posing questions on intelligence, sharing units and explaining how they have been strengthened, Grounded theory is crucial in current research studies. It is an effective analytical tool of assessing intelligence. By emphasizing the role of MASINT, it is possible to relate the areas of cooperation between intelligence community and intelligence analysis management. Although grounded theory does not have preconceived theories, it remains reliable in the collection of intelligence data. Is it correct to perceive MASINT as a distinct group of subjects or a vital area of study? Is it a field where distinct processing and analysis of data is conducted? Grounded theory and application in intelligence studies Data collection is an integral step in any research study. It is imperative to note that data collection in intelligence studies should be carried out in an appreciative and accurate manner. Besides, s trategic intelligence is critical in dictating the levels of success that can be achieved by a military group. Khaldoun, Aldiabat and Carole-Lynne Le-Navenec observe that â€Å"†¦human beings actively interpret each other’s gestures in social interaction and act based on their interpretations†.2 Grounded theory and Constructivist Grounded theory Grounded theory reflects processes of implementing actions when collecting data. However, constructivist Grounded theory explores the aspect of dependence on operational factors that usually interact with participants or groups and systems to develop a theory. Grounded theory methodology employs a systematic set of procedures to inductively develop a concept that is â€Å"grounded in data from which it was derived†.3 Constructivism GT is largely based on stories or the history of goals, identities, fears and threats. In this case, data on intelligence is co-constructed on a middle ground between postmodernist perspe ctive and position held by realists.Advertising Looking for critical writing on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Grounded theory, Grounded Constructivist theory and HUMINT Methodology is one of the critical sections in any study. It assimilates the most crucial role of generating necessary findings employed by a researcher in testing the given assumptions. Constructivist GT method in HUMINT relies on history or reports from raw sources. By providing a clear outline of the process and significant factors considered at every stage in HUMINT, Grounded Theory is able to come up with effective results. Therefore, the theory acts as a critical parameter of determining the progress of other theories. Methodology is â€Å"translated practically in the constant comparison, coding and measuring approaches to data analysis†.4 Applications in intelligence studies Viewpoints on constructivist GT psychological and social cognitions are aligned within the social context whereby the focus is based on perception and interpretation of information acquired from external sources. These perspectives attempt to expound how individual traits affect others. Bibliography Barnet, Dori. â€Å"Constructing new theory for identifying students with emotional disturbance: a constructivist approach to grounded theory.† The Grounded Theory Review 11, no. 1(June 2012): 47-63. El Hussein, Mohamed. â€Å"Using grounded theory as a method of inquiry: advantages and disadvantages.† The Qualitative Report 19, no. 13 (May 2014): 1-15. Khaldoun, Aldiabat and Carole-Lynne Le-Navenec. â€Å"Philosophical roots of classical grounded theory: its foundations in symbolic interactionism.†The Qualitative Report 16, no. 4 (July 2011): 1063–1080. Thornberg, Robert. â€Å"Informed grounded theory.† Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 56, no.3 (June 2012): 243-259.Advertising We wil l write a custom critical writing sample on Theory Integration in Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Footnotes 1. Robert. Thornberg, â€Å"Informed grounded theory,† Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 56, no.3 (June 2012): 245. 2. Aldiabat Khaldoun and Carole-Lynne Le-Navenec, â€Å"Philosophical roots of classical grounded theory: its foundations in symbolic interactionism, †The Qualitative Report 16, no. 4 (July 2011): 1071. 3. Dori Barnet, â€Å"Constructing new theory for identifying students with emotional disturbance: a constructivist approach to grounded theory,† The Grounded Theory Review 11, no. 1(June 2012): 47. 4. Mohamed El Hussein, â€Å"Using grounded theory as a method of inquiry: advantages and disadvantages,† The Qualitative Report 19, no. 13 (May 2014): 3. This critical writing on Theory Integration in Intelligence was written and submitted by user Zackery Acosta to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Compare and contrast Sheila and Eric with Mr Mrs Birling Essay Example

Compare and contrast Sheila and Eric with Mr Mrs Birling Essay Example Compare and contrast Sheila and Eric with Mr Mrs Birling Paper Compare and contrast Sheila and Eric with Mr Mrs Birling Paper Essay Topic: Literature An Inspector Calls is a play about and inspector that teaches the Birlings and Gerald Croft that the way they treat other people just because they are a lower class than them is not right. This play was written by J. B. Priestley. The play is set in a 1912 dinning room. Priestley does this to show the differences between capitalist and socialist, conservative and labour. Priestley was trying to show his 1945 audience how things had changed since 1912 and also how some things still need to change. The head of the Birling household is Mr Birling. He is a pompous, self-employed, arrogant man that says he is going to get a knighthood. Also he follows the capitalist idea very strongly and even wants his own son Eric to pay money back. You can see his capitalist ideas when he says these people will soon be asking for the earth this shows he doesnt like the working class asking for anything because if they get what they want they would become more like him and other middle classes. Mr Birling started off the chain of events that leads to Eva Smiths death in September 1910 when he fired her from the Birling factory because she went on strike to get more money. This shows him to be a capitalist, another thing that show him to be this is when he says a man needs to look after himself and as if we were mixed up together community and all that nonsense this shows he follows the old ways of classes and thinks people should know ere they belong. When the Inspector questions him he reacts like the Inspector is doing something disgraceful and stays in denial yes, well, we neednt go into all that and still, I cant accept any responsibility show his denial to the suicide and I dont like that tone and a quite unnecessary question shows his feeling towards the inspector and in the fact the inspector is a lower class than him. Mr Birlings daughter, Sheila is a childish, playful and immature person at the start of the play, but towards the end of the play she matures, becomes more serious and takes responsibility for her own actions so Im really responsible this shows how different she is from Mr Birling in the fact she treats people more like a society. When Sheila finds out about Eva Smiths death and sees the photo she runs off because she thought it was all my fault this shows she cares about lower classes unlike Mr Birling who doesnt care about lower classs well being. Sheila contributes to Eva Smiths death by getting Eva fired from Milwards in 1911. she did this because when Sheila tried on a dress she liked, it looked terrible on her, Eva then held the dress up against herself and it looked good on her and this made her give off a little laugh which makes Sheila very angry so she spoke to the manager and got her fired I had her turned out of a job this shows she was like her father before the inspector came. Her reaction to being questioned by the inspector is that she is scared. Also it made her feel upset, distraught, sympathetic and even makes her feel responsible. This is shown in the stage directions miserable and distressed. This just shows how much she changes from the inspectors visit. At the beginning of the play Mrs Birling is described as an upper class snob that believes herself to be better than everyone else. Mrs Birling, the wife of Mr Birling is also a capitalist and a strong believer in the different classes. Mrs Birlings reactions to the inspectors show is that she was defensive and if I was, what business is it of yours? this shows she doesnt like the inspector questioning her as he is a lower class than her. She was also rude girls of that class.. showing she is snobby and just like Mr Birling. Unlike Sheila she doesnt take responsibility for Evas death I dont think we need to discuss it this helps to show us the differences between the younger and older generation of the family. Mrs Birling is the chairman of the womens committee and this is how she plays a part of Eva Smiths death. Eva who was pretending her name was Daisy go to the committee to try and get some money as she was pregnant, but she said her name was Mrs Birling and this annoyed the real Mrs Birling and used her power to have her request denied. Eric just like his sister accepts responsibility for his part in Eva Smiths death showing again that the younger generation is learning more than the older. Erics involvement in Evas death starts with how much he drinks, he is described as squiffy showing he drinks a lot and is an alcoholic. While on one of his night drinking he meets Eva and gets her pregnant. This links to how Mrs Birling is involved. This helps Mrs b realise whats going on around her as she normally ignores it but I didnt know it was you I never dreamt this shows how much the children are ignored and get up to things they shouldnt. Eric also tried to give Eva some stolen money but she wouldnt accept it as it was stolen. Eric shows his socialist values when he finds out Eva was pregnant with his child and now they were both dead, he starts to take responsibility for what he has done. He also blames his parents for her death you killed them both damn you, damn you speaking to Mrs B and condemning her as she denied helping Eva and his child. In the inspectors final speech, he says there are millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths this is the inspector way of saying there are a lot of working class people and they have feelings too. He also says we are responsible for each other showing his support for socialism, this is when people look after each other as we are all the same, and how he doesnt follow the class system. Inspector Goole appears to have a power to predict the future they will learn it in fire and blood and anguish showing the inspector knowing that world war one was going to happen and saying the complete opposite of what Mr Birling said earlier on in the play before the inspector came in. At the end of the play, Sheila and Eric have changed the most, they became more socialist and believe that people are important and we should be all treated the same weather were rich or poor. They feel that they are just like Eva Smith as she is young as well and the only difference is she had less money and the way they were brought up. This shows us that the younger generation are learning and that the future is going to change. Mr and Mrs Birling havent changed as they are to selfish and stubborn in there ways to change what they think is right. All they think about is money and even make sure there kids pay back all there money, like when Mr Birling says Eric has to pay every penny of the fifty pound he stole from his office. Because of the capitalist ways of thinking they believe they control the working class. People now can learn from this because we still have some capitalist ways today where in some places men get paid more than women and how we still need to respect each other, still need to put people first and that people are more important than money. People need to be treated fairly and equally to make sure we live in harmony. J. B. Priestley wrote this play to try and get rid of the class system as he thought it was wrong and to try and get people to vote labour as they believe in socialism and treating people equally if they have more money or not.

Emphasis sponsors MCA Awards - Emphasis

Emphasis sponsors MCA Awards Emphasis sponsors MCA Awards Emphasis are proud to be sponsoring the Customer Engagement Award at the MCA Awards 2012. Last year, management consultants Navigant scooped the Customer Engagement Award for their work with Skandia investment managers. This year, the shortlist for the award comprises: Ernst Young, for their work with BMW; IBM with Nationwide; LOC Consulting with Truvo; Propaganda with Clipper Logistics; and Transform with Argos. All the companies on the shortlist have achieved great things this year and we wish them the best of luck. Well be there on the night, and Emphasis Chief Executive Rob Ashton will be presenting this years Customer Engagement Award. As well as Rob, Director Tom Wilde and Development Manager Jenny Ferguson will be attending. Please do come and say hello, whether to talk about how we can help your company or just to put names to faces. Well be reporting on the night, so its also your chance to tell us your latest news. The MCA Awards will be held on Thursday 19 April at the Hilton Hotel in Park Lane, London. For more information, and to see the companies shortlisted in other categories, click here.

Facilities and Events Operations Management Term Paper

Facilities and Events Operations Management - Term Paper Example This function is also responsible for the fulfilment of the requests of the customers through creation and delivery of the required facilities and events. Depending on the manner in which an organization is structured, the precise nature of tasks, which are classified under the operations function, can be different from one business to another; nevertheless, some activities can be applied to all the forms of operations. These include: Understanding strategic goals, which involves the managers in charge of operations precisely understanding the objectives of the company and developing clear visions of the ways in which operations will assist in achieving them. It also entails the translation of these objectives into implications for how operations perform, goals, quality, speed as well as reliability, flexibility and costs. Development of an operations strategy, where as a result of the numerous number of decisions made as far as operations is concerned, it is important that the people responsible have a set of regulations that assist in aligning these decisions with the long term objectives of the company. All companies can be widely divided into two main categories, which are manufacturing and service companies. Regardless of the fact that both categories have operations management functions, these differences create unique challenges for operations as the characteristics of the products differ. Two key distinctions exist between the operations of companies that deal in products and those that concentrate on services. To begin with, organizations that deal with products produce physical and tangible products, which may be stored in inventory prior to it being required by the consumer. In contrast, companies that deal with services produce products that are not tangible and cannot be produced before the customers need them. Further, the companies that deal with tangible products, the consumers usually do not have a direct contact with the production

Leonardo da Vinci's painting, Annunciation Term Paper

Leonardo da Vinci's painting, Annunciation - Term Paper Example Leonardo is believed to have been merely twenty years when he did this painting that today stands as one major artwork done in the olden days. The major influence he received from artists such as Sandro Botticelli made him become a better painter by relating and modifying his artwork with ideas borrowed from the renaissance period. How the painting on the annunciation was done is somehow composed of a number of styles that are borrowed from the early renaissance period meaning that Leonardo was still learning from previous works done by past artists. The Annunciation simply means announcement and in this painting done by Da Vinci angel Gabriel is simply announcing to Mary the good news that she will be the mother Jesus. The story of Mary being visited by angel Gabriel is evident in the annunciation painting. Gabriel kneels in the garden of Mary the virgin to inform him that she would bear a son and the son will be named â€Å"son of man†. Gabriel holds a lily to show how pure Mary was. The background depicts a beautiful environment. The kneeling angel is seen youthful, stylish wings, rich clothing, and having a lily at his right hand. The virgin on the other hand shows astonishment probably due to the news she has received from angel Gabriel. Her pose gives her a monumental character and defines the kind of person Mary is, some say he is cold as per what they see in the image. Da Vinci painted the most imaginary wings of an angel that somehow seemed alive in his painting, the annunciation painting.

Dantes Third Circle of Hell Essay Example for Free

Dantes Third Circle of Hell Essay In Dantes The Inferno, the third circle of Hell is reserved for the gluttonous. After awaking from a faint, Dante soon finds himself in the third circle surrounded by the foul slush. He tells about the black snow falling into the dirty water. Dante also tells of the stinking dirt that festered there. In this circle lives the three-headed monster Cerberus, ripping and tearing at the sinners as they lie in the sludge. The only soul named in this circle is Ciacco, nicknamed The Hog. Ciacco was a resident of Florence who was a glutton. He tells Dante that for his offense he lies rotting like a swollen log, doomed to wallow in the mire and smell the wretched stench for all eternity. Dante, aghast at the putrid-smelling slop, tells Ciacco that the sinners agony weighs on my heart and calls my soul to tears. Although he pities Ciaccos condition, he does not hesitate to ask him for information concerning Florence, and it is Ciacco who gives Dante the first political prophecy of The Inferno. Virgil seems to be unmoved by either Ciaccos or Dantes show of feelings. Instead, he takes the opportunity to explain to Dante that as the perfection of judgement nears, both pleasure and pain will become more pronounced. Dante realizes that for the sinners in Hell, this means that the pain of their punishment will become greater. By discussing the foul sludge, the black snow falling, and the putrid scent in the air, Dante shows that those who were gluttonous on Earth will be punished by forever wallowing in the end result of their incontinence, a filthy, stinking pit of misery.

energy :: essays research papers

What do we really need, energy or power? This was a question proposed to me at the beginning of the semester and it really made me think. Energy is a property of matter that can be converted into work, heat, or radiation. It is the capacity for doing work, generating heat, and emitting light or radiation. Power is the rate of spending energy or energy per unit time. Immediately, I thought the answer was energy since you need energy to have power. But then I heard that the answer was power and it boggled my mind, but after it was explained it really opened my mind. We do need energy to have power but what would we do without power. We can’t live without power. We really need power because it is energy spent per unit time and what is the point of energy if we cant control it. There are six fundamental forms of energy. They are mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, nuclear, and electromagnetic. Mechanical energy is kinetic and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy that is possessed by a body due to its motion. And Potential energy is the Energy that a body possesses by virtue of its physical position above the reference level. Therefore, it depends on height above the reference level and the mass of the object. So potential energy is the mass *gravitational force *height. Thermal energy is the energy of the random motion of particles of a substance. An example of this would be warming up by a campfire or taking a hot bath. Chemical energy is energy that is stored in the chemical bonds that hold molecules together. When certain chemicals combine or react, energy is released usually in the form of heat. Some examples of this would be a tank of gasoline, coal, and natural gas. Electrical energy is the energy of electrons in motion. It is usually generated by the rotation of a conductor in a magnetic field and it is easily converted to other forms of energy.

John Searle’s Argument on Strong Artificial Intelligence

John Searle in his paper â€Å"Minds, Brain and Programs† presented the strong critics of the strong intelligence. First of all in the paper Searle differentiates between different types of artificial intelligence: weak AI, which is just a helping tool in study of the mind, and strong AI, which is considered to be appropriately designed computer able to perform cognitive operations itself. Searle conducted Chinese room experiment, the primary goal of which is to prove that machines cannot posses the states of conscious awareness, like perceiving, understanding or knowing (Searle, 1980).According to Stevan Harnad, in his research Searle actually does not argue about artificial intelligence at all but in fact he attacked the main positions of computationalism, â€Å"a position (unlike ‘Strong AI') that is actually held by many thinkers, and hence one worth refuting† (Harnad, 2001). Shortly, Chinese Room thought experiment can be described the following way. Searle p laces himself on the place of the computer. He supposed that he had to process a batch of Chinese characters with the help of the definite program and produce the output.Searle is completely unfamiliar with Chinese; he can’t even differentiate Chinese characters from Japanese ones. He could only distinguish them by their shapes. Searle was able to process those symbols due to the fact that the rules were given in English. That enabled him to operate with the Chinese characters. In some time as the person learns the rules better, processing the Chinese words becomes easier and the answers are more correct.So, people who ask questions in Chinese and receive answers are sure that the person knows the language as the answers are just undistinguishable from the answers of native speakers of Chinese. The conclusion is that obeying definite rules Searle can process Chinese questions and give correct answers to them without even knowing a word in Chinese. â€Å"Nobody just looking a t my answers can tell that I don't speak a word of Chinese†, Searle writes (Searle, 1980). The same thing is with computers. They are in fact in the same position as Searle.Computers don’t have mind, they don’t think in Chinese, but they are manipulating with symbols just as Searle did. That’s why people might have the impression that computers can possess intelligence. However, this work of Searle was not a complete explanation on the problem of artificial intelligence. It was just a beginning and it raised the wave of critics and argument. On the one hand almost all researchers couldn’t but agree with the Searle’s statement that he was able to give correct answers to the questions without knowing the word in Chinese.But still there were a number of people who considered that Searle’s experiment couldn’t be judged as a valid critics of the artificial intelligence. All the replies can be roughly divided into the following main g roups (Cole, 2004). The first group argued the Searle’s experiment by identifying, who it is who speaks Chinese. The second group of critics researches the way how meaningless symbols can become meaningful. The third group of scholars believes that there is a need to redesign the Chinese room along the lines of a brain.Finally the last group of scholars considers that there are numerous points which testify to the fact that Searle’s argument is completely misleading. So, as it was already mentioned the first argument was concerned with the mind source. This group of researchers was interested in the question where the mind was since the person in the room wasn’t speaking Chinese. The main issues under research were main ontological controversies of mind and body and simulation and reality (Cole, 2004; Hauser, 2005; Hearn, 2007). The group of the researchers attempting to answer this question fell into several categories.The first category proposed systems reply (Searle, 1980; Cole, 2004, Hauser, 2005; Russel & Norvig, 2003; Dennett, 1991; Hearn, 2007, Crevier, 1993), which believes that since the person is not the one who possesses the knowledge of Chinese but the answers are still correct, it is the system, comprising the man, batch of words and rules for processing the words, which comprehends Chinese. The person in the room is just a part of this â€Å"understanding† system, which implies that the fact that the person does not understand and does not know the Chinese language is completely irrelevant.However, Searle was able to answer this critical response saying that the man can be the whole system in case he memorizes all the rules for processing the Chinese words and will keep them in his mind. However, this won’t change the fact that he does not understand Chinese (Searle, 1980). The other point on which Searle argued this response was that critics are in fact missing the point as they on the one hand were trying to f ind the mind, but on the other hand point that it belongs to some â€Å"system†, which is a room.But this doesn’t make sense as the room itself has nothing to do with the mind. It can be true only on the point when the critics explain this from the metaphysical point of view, which means that the mind is something that appears or â€Å"emerges† in the room and continues to exist there (Harnad, 2005; Searle, 1980; Crevier, 1993). The other response, which belongs to the group of â€Å"mind finders†, is virtual mind reply (Cole, 2004). This seems to be a more correct reply, which sticks to the idea that there is some Chinese-speaking mind in the room but it is virtual.It was argued that computing machinery possesses the ability to â€Å"implement† another computer, which implies that any computer can simulate other machines step-by-step, performing the functions of both. Cole even argues that a program can be created, which in fact is able to impleme nt two minds at once. So, despite the fact that there exists only one man in the room and one system, the number of â€Å"virtual minds† can be unlimited (Cole, 2004).However, Searle’s response was that such a mind is nothing but a simulation by itself: â€Å"No one supposes that computer simulations of a five-alarm fire will burn the neighborhood down or that a computer simulation of a rainstorm will leave us all drenched†(Searle, 1980). This statement was argued by the supporter of the virtual mind idea, Nicholas Fearn, in the following way: â€Å"When we call up the pocket calculator function on a desktop computer, the image of a pocket calculator appears on the screen. We don’t complain that â€Å"it isn’t really a calculator†, because the physical attributes of the device do not matter† (Fearn, 2007).Anyway, the following conclusion can be made: on the one hand these scholars were able to argue the Searle’s statement that â€Å"strong artificial intelligence† is false due to the fact that the man in the room doesn’t understand Chinese, which implies that nothing in the room understands Chinese (Cole, 2004). On the other hand the scholars still failed to prove the existence of the strong AI as they couldn’t prove that the system or virtual mind understands Chinese. Searle maintains that â€Å"the systems reply simply begs the question by insisting that system must understand Chinese† (Searle, 1980).The other groups of scholars, who argue Searle’s work, were concerned with finding the meaning. Their replies are generally referred to as robot and semantics replies. The main concern of these scholars is to argue the Searle’s work at the point of intentionality and syntax-semantics controversy. For the person in the room Chinese characters are just meaningless â€Å"squiggles†, however, if the Chinese room can really comprehend Chinese words, there should b e the source of the meaning. Thus, this group of scholars was trying to find the connection between the symbols and the items they symbolize.According to the proposed replies to these questions, several categories could be differentiated. First one is robot reply (Searle, 1980; Cole, 2004; Hauser, 2006; Hearn, 2007), which states that if the program is placed in the robot instead of the room nobody would doubt that he understands what he’s doing due to the establishment of the â€Å"causal connection† between the symbols and things, which are represented by them. According to Hans Moravec â€Å"If we could graft a robot to a reasoning program, we wouldn't need a person to provide the meaning anymore: it would come from the physical world† (in Crevier, 1993).However, Searle argued this idea by stating that there is no difference who operates the words, as the person in the room is just following the rules without understanding what the words actually mean. Searle further says that â€Å"he doesn’t see what comes into the robots eyes† (Searle, 1980). The second group proposed derived meaning theory (Hauser, 2006; Cole, 2004), which there is a connection between the room and the world through Chinese speakers and programmers, which implies that the symbols the person works with are already meaningful in general, which does not necessarily mean that they should be meaningful to him.However, Searle argues that symbols can only possess derived meaning, which depends on the conscious comprehension of Chinese speakers and programmers outside the room, which does not at all mean that the room by itself possesses the ability to understand by itself (Cole, 2004). The other semantic replies were concerned with the commonsense knowledge idea (Dennett, 2007), which states that the meaning of symbols could be derived from the background of the commonsense knowledge, which serves as a â€Å"context† providing meaning for the symbols.S earle argument was based on the idea that although the background does exist, still it can’t be built in programs. So, it is obvious that Searle supports the viewpoint that there is no difference in the amount of knowledge written into the program and the connection of the later with the world. Still the person is the only one, who operates in the room and his actions is purely syntactic, which do not provide him with the meaning of the words, thus, the main Searle’s statement is that â€Å"syntax is insufficient for semantics†(Searle, 1984; Searle, 1989).However, it should be admitted that there is some sense in the virtual mind theory, saying that even though the symbols mean nothing to Searle, they acquire their meaning from the virtual mind, which is connected with the outside worlds through Chinese speakers and programmers, which implies that it is irrelevant whether these symbols mean anything to Searle. The third group of scholars argued Searle’s w ork on the point that it the system needs to be redefined.Thus, according to brain simulator reply (Searle, 1980; Cole, 2004; Hauser, 2006; Churchland & Churchland, 1990.) the program is sure to understand Chinese in case it is a simulation of the interaction of the neurons in the brain of a speaker of the Chinese language. Searle argues this reply saying that this type of simulation is unable to reproduce such basic features of the brain as its causal and intentional states, saying that â€Å"human mental phenomena are dependent on actual physical-chemical properties of actual human brains† (Searle, 1980). He further states that only brains can cause mind (Hauser, 2006).According to the brain replacement scenario (Russell Norvig, 2003; Cole, 2004; Moravec, 1988; Kurzweil, 2005; Crevier, 1993,) the scholars maintain that in case one small computer is able to simulate the work of one individual neuron, this won’t cause that much difference to the system in general, howe ver, in case all the neurons are replaced, we would create digital computer stimulating the brain. This means that if we support Searle’s point of view this will lead to the disappearance of the whole conscious awareness (Searle, 1992; Russell & Norvig, 2003).Combination reply (Searle, 1980; Hauser, 2006) supported the idea that in case there is a robot created on the basis of brain simulation, which is linked to the world in the way that it has the causal power of the real brain, it is able to think. Connectionist reply (Cole, 2004 Hauser, 2006) has much in common with the brain simulator reply and believes that the real comprehension is possible in case there is a massively parallel connectionist architecture. So, basically these arguments can be divided into two main groups.The first one believes that Searle is true in this Chinese room experiment, however, in case some changes are made in the room or the program, it can acquire mind and consciousness (Cole, 2004). The sec ond group considers that redesigning should be made in order to see at which point Searle is wrong. Searle argues that machines still are unable to understand anything even if they are redesigned. The other argument is that in case there is a need of a robot body or a connectionist architecture are necessary, this would mean that we can’t speak any longer of strong AI (Searle, 1980; Harnad, 2001).According to Searle â€Å"I thought the whole idea of strong AI was that we don't need to know how the brain works to know how the mind works† (Searle, 1980) So, as far as we can see Searle’s argument of the strong artificial intelligence has its grounds. It is thoroughly based and well-considered. There was a lot of argument on his Chinese room experiment, however, hardly any critic was able to prove that Searle was completely wrong at some point.References:1. Churchland, Paul and Churchland, Patricia. (January 1990). Could a machine think?. Scientific American 262: 32 -39.2. Cole, David. (Fall 2004). The Chinese Room Argument, in Zalta, Edward N. , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.3. Crevier, Daniel. (1993), AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. NY: BasicBooks.4. Dennett, Daniel. (1991). Consciousness Explained. The Penguin Press.5. Fearn, Nicholas. (2007). The Latest Answers to the Oldest Questions: A Philosophical Adventure with the World's Greatest Thinkers. New York: Grove Press.6. Harnad, Stevan. (2001). What’s Wrong and Right About Searle’s Chinese Room Argument. in M. & Preston, J., Essays on Searle’s Chinese Room Argument, Oxford University Press.7. Harnad, Stevan. (2005). Searle's Chinese Room Argument, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Macmillan.8. Hauser, Larry. (1997). Searle's Chinese Box: Debunking the Chinese Room Argument. Minds and Machines, 7: 199-226.9. Hauser, Larry. (2006). Searle's Chinese Room, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.10. Kurzweil, Ray. (2005). The Singularity is Near. Viki ng Press.11. Moravec, Hans. (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press.12. Russell, Stuart J. and Norvig, Peter. (2003). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River. NJ: Prentice Hall.13. Searle, John. (1980). Minds, Brains and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (3): 417-457.14. Searle, John. (1983). Can Computers Think? , in Chalmers, David, Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings, Oxford.15. Searle, John. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science: The 1984 Reith Lectures. Harvard University Press.16. Searle, John. (January 1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American 262: 26-31.17. Searle, John. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Massachusetts: M. I. T. Press.

Internet Exercises Appendix Chapter 1

INTERNET EXERCISES APPENDIX Chapter 1: Marketing's Role in the Global Economy Internet Exercise: Wal-Mart You can check out the on-line shopping experience of Wal-Mart on the Web by going to www. wal-mart. com and clicking on â€Å"Go Shopping. † For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 8. Internet Exercise: ONSALE Auction Supersite The ONSALE Auction Supersite features a number of on-line auctions in which different sellers auction off computer, consumer electronics, and other products to buyers. Visit the web site at www. onsale. com and review an open auction for a consumer electronics product.What are the advantages and disadvantages of this market for sellers? For buyers? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 17. Internet Exercise: World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization is a very important force behind the global move toward free trade, but sometimes there are still disputes. Go to the WTO web site at www. wto. org and find out how the WTO settles disputes. Do you think that this procedure favors the developed nations, the less-developed nations, or neither? Give your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 22.Chapter 2: Marketing's Role within the Firm or Nonprofit Organization Internet Exercise: L. L. Bean The L. L. Bean web site (www. llbean. com) offers consumers a lot of information, including information about national parks. Do you think that this helps Bean to build relationships with its target customers? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 40. Internet Exercise: Lilly Lilly, the pharmaceutical company, makes the effort to be socially responsible. To find out more about Lilly’s corporate citizenship, go to the Lilly home page (www. lilly. om) and click on company information and then click on corporate citizenship. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 42. Chapter 3: Focusing Marketing Strategy with Segmentation and Positioning Internet Exercise: McDonald’s McDonald’s has about 22,000 restaurants in 109 countries. Go to its web site, www. mcdonalds. com, and determine what country is its largest market outside the U. S. Do you think it offers more or less opportunity for future growth than the U. S.? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 67. Internet Exercise: MarriottCourtyard by Marriott targets business travelers. Visit the Marriott web site, www. marriott. com, and write down what you think are the qualifying and determining dimensions for a businessperson choosing Courtyard over Marriott’s other hotel options. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 81. Chapter 4: Evaluating Opportunities in the Changing Marketing Environment Internet Exercise: Tupperware If you were a new marketing manager at Rubbermaid, you might be interested in finding out more about Tupperware, an important competitor in some markets.Wh at type of relevant information could you get by going to the Tupperware web site, (www. tupperware. com)? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 101. Internet Exercise: Consumer Reports The Consumer Product Safety Commission sometimes requires auto makers to issue recalls. However, not all consumers learn about the recalls. Go to the Consumer Reports web site (www. consumerreports. com/recalls) and check to see if there has been a recall on a year and model of car or truck that is of interest to you (say, one owned by your family). For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 110.Chapter 5: Demographic Dimensions of Global Consumer Markets Internet Exercise: CIA’s World Factbook Visit the web site for the CIA’s World Factbook (www. odci. gov/cia/publications/factbook) and compare the profile data for Canada and Australia. How are they similar and how are they different? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 133. Internet Exercise: JNCO Revatex grew rapidly when its wide-leg JNCO brand jeans became a hit with teens. Do you think that its web site (www. jnco. com) does a good job appealing to teens? Why? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 138.Chapter 6: Behavioral Dimensions of the Consumer Market Internet Exercise: SRI’s VALS Go to the SRI Internet site (http://future. sri. com), click on VALS, and then click on â€Å"direct to the survey† to review the VALS questionnaire. If you wish, complete the short questionnaire on-line. SRI will provide you with your VALS profile. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 164. Internet Exercise: GAP To make it easier for consumers to visualize how certain fashions will look together, the GAP’s web site (www. gap. com) has a â€Å"get dressed interactive† feature.Go the GAP web site and check out this feature. Do you think that it makes it easier to evaluate a potential purch ase? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 173. Chapter 7: Business and Organizational Customers and Their Buying Behavior Internet Exercise: Computer Discount Warehouse At the Computer Discount Warehouse web site (www. cdw. com) a buyer can easily compare the features and prices of competing products. Click on desktop computers and then on the CDW Compare feature to do a comparison of two â€Å"high end† computers from two different manufacturers.How helpful would this analysis be if you were a computer buyer? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 187. Internet Exercise: Thomas Register The Thomas Register has a very comprehensive database of firms at its web site (www. thomasregister. com). Click on search and it will prompt you to register. After you register (it’s free), search by product/service on the keyword welding. How could the information provided by your search help you if you sold a product that was used by fir ms in the welding industry? How could it help you if you were a buyer looking for a supplier of welding products?For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 199. Chapter 8: Improving Decisions with Marketing Information Internet Exercise: Yahoo Assume that your boss has asked you to do a customer satisfaction survey. As part of a situation analysis, you want to get ideas about what others have done in this area. Go to the web site for the Yahoo search engine (www. yahoo. com). In the dialogue box type â€Å"customer satisfaction survey† (include the quote marks) and click on search. Look at some of the web sites identified. How helpful is this ?How could it be improved? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 222. Internet Exercise: Perseus Perseus Development Corporation sells software that allows a user to create on-line questionnaires that can be distributed by e-mail or used on the Internet. To see samples of on-line questions, go to the Perseus web site (www. perseus. com) and then click on Survey Samples. Do you think that it’s more convenient for a consumer to complete a survey on-line or with pencil and paper? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 227.Chapter 9: Elements of Product Planning for Goods and Services Internet Exercise: Procter & Gamble Go to the Procter & Gamble web site (www. pg. com) and click on P&G Products. Find out the brand names of the different shampoos that P&G makes. How are the different brands positioned and what target markets do they appeal too? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 259. Internet Exercise: FDA The FDA’s web site has a page on the new food label requirements that proclaims â€Å"grocery store aisles have become avenues to greater nutritional knowledge. Go to that page at Internet address (www. fda. gov/opacom/backgrounders/foodlabel/newlabel. html) and review the actual label requirements. Do you use this information in deciding what products to buy? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 262. Chapter 10: Product Management and New-Product Development Internet Exercise: WebTV A number of software, hardware, and programming firms are working on products that deliver Internet information via TV. Explore the WebTV web site (www. webtv. com) to find out about one aspect of this idea.Do you think that many people will be interested in quickly adopting WebTV? How does it stack up when you consider the characteristics of an innovation reviewed above? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 275. Internet Exercise: Marketing Intelligence Service Marketing Intelligence Service, Ltd. is a U. S. -based firm that tracks new consumer packaged goods–both successes and failures. Go to its web site (ourworld. compuserve. com/homepages/mktgintelsvc) and click on the What’s New button and then review its selections for new product innovations of the year.Do you think that these products offer customers superior value, or are they just me-too imitations? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 283. Chapter 11: Place and Development of Channel Systems Internet Exercise: Gateway Gateway is a computer company that uses direct distribution to its customers in the U. S. Go to the Gateway web site (www. gateway. com) and think about how it is organized. Given that Gateway doesn’t use different channels of distribution to reach different types of customers, how does it segment the market?For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 301. Internet Exercise: Avon Avon sells cosmetics and other products through independent sales representatives (agents) and also though a catalog (both on-line and printed). Review the Avon web site (www. avon. com). Do you think that Avon’s independent sales representatives would view the web site as competing for their customers’ purchases and a source of conflict or would they think that it helps them promote the product and identify new prospects? Explain your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 317.Chapter 12: Distribution Customer Service and Logistics Internet Exercise: Virtual Logistics Directory Large corporations often turn to other firms that specialize in logistics–transportation and warehousing services, consultants, developers of computer systems, and the like–to help implement the physical distribution aspects of their marketing strategies. The web site of the Virtual Logistics Directory (www. logisticdirectory. com) lists many logistics specialists and what they do. Go to the web site and select the Integrated Logistics category.Review the descriptions of some of the firms listed, and then pick one. Explain why a large corporation with a logistics problem might seek its help rather than just trying to tackle the problem internally. For related discussion in th e Basic Marketing text, see page 329. Internet Exercise: North Carolina Ports Authority A firm that is just starting to export to international markets may want help figuring out what shipping services are available. The North Carolina Ports Authority’s web site (www. ncports. com) helps provide such information.Go to the web site, select Port Services, and review the different firms and agencies that might be able to provide you with help if you had to ship a large quantity of furniture to the Middle East. Identify an organization from those listed that you might want to contact first, and indicate why. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 334. Chapter 13: Retailers, Wholesalers, and Their Strategy Planning Internet Exercise: INTERSHOP INTERSHOP Communications develops and sells software that companies use to create â€Å"virtual stores† for Internet retailing.For example, it allows a seller to create an on-line catalog that is easy for consume rs to use and it has tools for analyzing sales and keeping track of customers. Go to the firm’s web site (www. intershop. com) and select Products. Review the information provided. (If your computer is equipped to view RealVideo video, you might also want to watch the demo. ) Do you think it would be easier for consumers if all Internet sellers used a common system, such as this one, rather than coming up with many different arrangements? Briefly explain your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 359.Internet Exercise: Fastenal Visit the Fastenal web site (www. fastenal. com). Check out the different aspects of the Fastenal web site. Give examples of ways that the web site is intended to help Fastenal’s customers and suppliers. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 370. Chapter 14: Promotion–Introduction to Integrated Marketing Communications Internet Exercise: Sony Sony produces a very wide variety of prod ucts. Does the information available on the web site (www. sony. com) appear to be part of an integrated marketing communications effort? Explain your thinking.For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 386. Internet Exercise: Campbell’s Soup Visit the Campbell’s Soup web site (www. campbellsoup. com). Does the web site make it easy for you to get information? Does it make you want to spend more time and get more information? Explain your answer. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 395. Chapter 15: Personal Selling Internet Exercise: Motivating Tape Company The Motivating Tape Company sells various sales training videos. Go to the firm’s web site at www. achievement. com and then scroll down and select Sales Training.Review the list of sales training videos offered. If a sales manager were going to rely on some of these tapes for training people just moving into a sales career, what key areas of sales training would he have to cover by some other approach? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 427. Internet Exercise: Symantec Symantec is the maker of various software products, including ACT! personal management software that is used by many salespeople to organize information about their customers, sales calls, and tasks they need to do. Visit the ACT! web site (www. ymantec. com/act) for information about this product. Give a few specific examples of ways that a salesperson could use ACT! to build better relationships with customers. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 431. Chapter 16: Advertising and Sales Promotion Internet Exercise: NarrowCast Media NarrowCast Media is an Internet firm that provides services for firms that want to advertise on the Internet and also for web sites that host Internet advertising. Go to its web site (www. narrowcastmedia. com) and read about NarrowCast Media’s various services.Briefly describe the main benefit s it provides for advertisers and the main benefits it provides for host sites. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 455. Internet Exercise: Catalina Marketing Catalina Marketing Corporation is a supplier of in store, electronic scanner activated consumer promotions. Go to the Catalina web site (www. catalinamktg. com) and select Manufacturer Solutions, then review information about its Sampling Programs. Briefly describe, in your own words, how the sampling program works and describe a situation in which a manufacturer might find it useful.For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 468. Chapter 17: Pricing Objectives and Policies Internet Exercise: International Currency Converter Xenon Laboratories has set up a web site with a system that uses current exchanges rates to convert one country’s currency to another. Go to the web site (www. ausmall. com. au), scroll down to the reference section, and click on International Currency Conv erter. How much is a $100 U. S. worth now in Thai bhats, British pounds, and German marks? How do those number compare with June of 1998 (See Exhibit 17-6)?For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 486. Internet Exercise: ValuPage Catalina, a firm that specializes in targeted sales promotions, set up an on-line system called â€Å"ValuPage. † Consumers can print out a sheet with a list of discounts that sponsoring supermarkets redeem with â€Å"web bucks†Ã¢â‚¬â€œwhich the consumer can then use for any future purchase at the store. Go to the web site (www. supermarkets. com), enter your zip code, and review the system. Do you think this system will be more or less susceptible to fraud than regular coupons? Explain your thinking.For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 492. Chapter 18: Price Setting in the Business World Internet Exercise: Sporting Auction Evergreen Information Technology launched an Internet auction site for many d ifferent categories of sporting goods. Go to the auction web site (www. sportingauction. com) and review the activities in two auction categories, one for a sport that is in season and another sport that is not. For example, you might compare snowboarding and golfing. Do you think that season makes a difference in the bidding activity? Explain your thinking.For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 524. Internet Exercise: Tiffany Tiffany & Co. is widely recognized as one of the world’s premiere jewelers. It commands high prices for what it offers. Go the Tiffany web site (www. tiffany. com) and review the different sections. Do you think that the web site communicates superior customer value to the Tiffany target market? Explain your opinion and point to specific aspects of the web site that support your view. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 528. Chapter 19: Implementing and Controlling Marketing Plans: Evolution and RevolutionI nternet Exercise: BaRaN Systems BaRaN Systems Ltd. has developed a software product called SQC for Excel that works with the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program and makes it easy to do the types of analysis that are useful for quality management. Go to its web site (www. baran-systems. com) and click on the link for SQC for Excel and then at that web page scroll down and look at the â€Å"quick tour† section. What is it about the graphs that makes it easy to see which areas need special attention? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 544. Internet Exercise: CopernicusCopernicus: The Marketing Investment Strategy Group has developed a comprehensive procedure, The Copernican Decision Navigator, that its consultants have used as the basis for performing marketing audits for many major corporations. The procedure determines if the firm is using â€Å"best practices† in planning and implementing its strategies. Go the Copernicus web site (www. copern icusmarketing. com), scroll down to the items under â€Å"about Copernicus,† and select the link for Marketing Best Practices. Review what is involved in the Copernicus procedure. What are the advantages of having outside experts do this sort of audit?For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 562. Chapter 20: Managing Marketing's Link with Other Functional Areas Internet Exercise: Cductive CDuctive offers an on-line service in which the customer selects certain tracts of music and, for a fee, CDuctive will create a custom CD of those selections. Explore the CDuctive web site (www. cductive. com), and then list what you think are the major (1) strengths and (2) weaknesses of its approach. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 578. Internet Exercise: ITW ITW, Inc. has a variety of different businesses that produce different products.Go to the ITW web site (www. itwinc. com) and then select the list of other ITW web sites. After you brie fly review the descriptions of ITW’s different web sites, select ITW Brands and study it in more detail. From a cost standpoint, does it make sense to have a unit like ITW Brands? Why or why not? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 581. Chapter 21: Developing Innovative Marketing Plans Internet Exercise: Survey of Buying Power The Survey of Buying Power has an on-line site that is available on a pay-for-use basis. However, a sample section is available without charge.Go to the web site (www. sbponline. com) and select Samples and then select Samples of Site97. Look at the Income Trend Report (and others if you wish). How would this information be helpful to a retail chain that is considering a new facility for this sample market? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 604. Internet Exercise: Maytag Go to the Maytag web site (www. maytag. com) and review the information about the Neptune line. Do you see any indication that the st rategy for Neptune is changing from what is described in the case that introduces this chapter? Explain your point of view.For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 614. Chapter 22: Ethical Marketing in a Consumer-Oriented World: Appraisal and Challenges Internet Exercise: Ikea Ikea is an innovative furniture company that is using its web site to refine its strategy. It has always relied on information technology to keep costs low by tracking sales at individual stores and using the information to control inventory and reduce shipping costs between the factory, distribution centers, and its massive retail stores. Go to the Ikea web site (www. ikea. com). What else does the web site tell you about Ikea’s strategy?Will the web site help Ikea offer superior value? Explain your answer. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 629. Internet Exercise: Obvious Implementations Obvious Implementations Corp. is a small consulting and manufacturing firm. Go to its web page (www. obviously. com) and then select How to stop junk mail, e-mail and phone calls. Read through the information and, if you wish, follow some of the links to other sites listed. Should it be easier to avoid mail, e-mail, and calls you don’t want? Explain your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 636.

Hvjhv Essay Example

Hvjhv Essay Example Hvjhv Paper Hvjhv Paper The Sardine Crash The Ocean is one of the most important sources of food. From the ancient times, humans have used its resources for food. Fish is the most significant seafood harvest. Since ancient times, fishing has developed and increased. Before, people didnt have good techniques for successful fishing compared to todays fishing equipment. Therefore, because of efficient equipment and the significance of fishing in our society, many kinds offish are in danger of disappearing. Overfeeding is a very big problem today. The Sardine is one of the most useful kinds of fish. It is a very small fish compared to all the big fish in the sea. The article, Sea Food Crisis: Time for a Sea Change by Paul Greenberg, from National Geographic Magazine, demonstrates that in regards to the sea food chain, little fish have a big impact on bigger fish and even humans are affected by this ocean food web. By this definition, sardines are the first-order consumers which are very important for ocean predators as a main source of food. So, people consume a lot of big fish whose existence depends on sardines. Overfeeding and climate change are the possible causes of sardine crash which have many dangerous effects on the ecosystem and humans, and these problems require immediate solutions to save the first-order consumers. Sardine crash can be a very big problem in history. People indicate two main causes of this crash which are overfeeding and climate change. An increase of fish consuming causes the opening of new fishing grounds. Today all the oceans are used as a fishing areas. Many of these areas are already overfilled. In the article Sea Food Crisis: Time for a Sea Change, Paul Greenberg states The catch from high-sea areas has risen to nearly ten times what it was in 1950, from . 6 million metric tons Sashaying 2 to around 13 million metric tons. According to this definition, fishing areas are increasing very fast. Fish is very expensive today and for many people it is a main source of their income. Also, huge number of sardines is used on fishing farms as a food for bigger fish. Therefore, sardines are used very widely. Another cause of the sardine crash is a climate change. If the climate change, the temperature of oceans, seas and lakes will change too. So, our oceans and fish stocks maybe under threat from changing water temperature. In the article West Coast Sardine Crash Could Radiate Throughout Ecosystem from Los Angles Times by Tony Barbara, the author states One factor is a naturally occurring climate cycle known as the Pacific Decal Oscillation, which in recent years has brought cold, nutrient-rich water to the West Coast. While those conditions have brought a boom in some pieces, such as market squid, they have repelled sardines. Sardines need a specific temperature to live or they will die and it will effects people as well as the big predators. These causes have many bad effects on the ecosystem and humans. Many things depends on these small fish. If the number of sardines decreases, there will be no food for big predators as well as there will be no fish for people to consume. In the article West Coats Sardine Crash Could Radiate Throughout Ecosystem, Barbara says The sardine crash has prompted steep cuts in the amount Sherman are allowed to catch, and scientists say the effects are probably radiating throughout the ecosystem, starving brown pelicans, sea lions and other predators that rely on the oily, energy-rich fish for food. According to this definition, not only fish and people depend on the amount of sardines, but also big predators like sea lions and pelicans consume sardines. Such a small seafood harvest plays such a big role in our world. What seems like an insignificant factor in our food chain ultimately proves to be very important . If there is no food for the oceans big predators including sea lions and