Bus 409 Essay - 888 Words

Compensation Practice Strayer University BUS409 –Compensation Management May 2, 2013 Compensation Practice This paper was developed under the scenario of choosing the name of a publicly traded company for that would be interesting for an employee to work and then analyzing and explaining the company, its compensation strategy, best practices the company is applying, and compensation-related challenges the company is facing. The paper will also analyze how the company applies compensation practice to determine the positive or negative impact to the company and its stakeholders; and the ways in which laws, labor unions, and market factors impact the company’s compensation practices. The company chosen was Chic-fil-a. Analysis†¦show more content†¦If wages increase then people will spend more money with comfortability if wages decrease then people will not spend money and hold on to every penny just like we were a couple years ago after the market crashed. Labor Unions have an effect on the wages paid to union employees and non-union employees in an economy. According to Employees and Right to Work Laws: Wages while they increase the wages of the union workers they decrease the wages of the non-union workers. When this happens then compensation like bonuses and pay increases are decreased in the non-union workforce. The market not only have effect on compensation practices it can affect an organization as a whole. According to a management study the demand for a particular skill affects the way the employer fixes the compensation for the employee, because the more technologically advance we become as a nation the demand for people to work on these products increase as well. The position of the company in the Business Cycle determines how much the company is willing to offer to the employee. Urgency of the organization in filling up the positions is an important role in determining how much the employer is willing to pay the employee. to support your discussion. Evaluation of Effectiveness of Traditional Bases for Seniority and Merit Pay AgainstShow MoreRelatedBus 409 Compensation Management948 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of skills or knowledge they are capable of applying productively to their jobs. (Martocchio, pg. 104, 2011) Based on the pay-for-knowledge pay concepts, the three jobs for which this basis for pay is inappropriate are: bus drivers, cashiers, and janitorial services. Bus drivers are all paid around the same pay scale and the compensation may differ depending on how much experience they may have. There is no reward plan for this job mainly because they usually have the same route everyday andRead MoreOnline Bus Reservation System6034 Words   |  25 Pages[pic] UGANDA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY THE ONLINE BOOKING AND BUS SCHEDULING SYSTEM BY AKANYIJUKA DAVID REG NO: SO9B13/037 SUPERVISOR: MR. WABWIRE BOSCO A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELORS DEGREE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ii APPROVAL iii DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v ABSTRACT v 1.0.Chapter one†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Story Of Rye 1093 Words   |  5 PagesThere had been enough time for something to change but almost everything was the exact same. Again Rye found herself travelling on a bus to go search for something, now knowing her brother is in fact dead she wasn t exactly sure if what she was searching for was real. The only difference was that she now had the weight of two pre-teens. She felt it best for them to be as cautious as she had been while travelling around a decade ago. Each child had their own piece to communicate what their name wasRead MoreJackie Robinson s Impact On Baseball1150 Words   |  5 Pagessegregated Army cavalry unit in Kansas. During his military career, Robinson stood up for equal rights, which derailed his military career. In 1944, Robinson boarded the bus when the bus driver ordered Robinson to move to the back of the bus despite it being an unsegregated bus line. After Robinson refused to move to the back of the bus, the bus driver summoned the police where they took him into custody. Robinson further confronted the officer about racist questioning, the officer ordered Robinson to beRead MoreNasa Jet Propulsion Laboratory : A Launch Mass Of 54 Kgs Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesThe mission was success designed and manufactured by Orbital Sciences at a launch mass of 54 kgs. It s dry mass weighed at 409 kgs (NASA.gov). It was designed to be powered at 815W sufficiently enough to support its operations in the space. It was successfully launched on 2 July 2014 using a Delta-II rocket (NASA.gov). The NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory utilized the 30-seconds launch window at 09:56:23 UTC. It joined five other satellites in the A-train satellite constellation. The A-train constellationRead MoreImpr oving Travel Request Endeavors : Build Up The Mass Transport Frameworks1212 Words   |  5 Pagesconsider the passenger car as the standard vehicle unit to convert the other vehicle classes and this unit is called Passenger Car Unit or PCU. Table 5.1 : PCU For Different Vehicles Sr. No. Class of Vehicle PCU 1 2 Wheeler 0.5 2 Auto Rickshaw 1 3 Car 1 4 Bus 3 5 LCV 1 6 Truck 3 7 Bullock Cart 8 8 Bicycle 0.5 9 Other 6 4.6. Data Sheet Traffic Volume study was carried out at Janta Junction. The survey was carried out by the Students of Civil Engineering Department of FETR on September 4, 2016 Hourly VariationRead MoreA Reflection On My Windshield Surveys1292 Words   |  6 PagesWindshield surveys are the motorized equivalent of simple observation. They involve the generation of data that helps to define the community, the trends, stability, and changes that all serve to define the health of the community (Stanhope, 2012, p. 409-410). I choose to use the Pilgrim Park neighborhood for my windshield Survey which I conducted on November 1st, 2017 around 11 o clock am. Housing: The suburban neighborhood Pilgrim Park geographical boundaries extend from Warwick Avenue, PostRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Sox )955 Words   |  4 PagesErnestas Zarskis BUS 5644 International Accounting and Reporting Paper #2 Dr. LuAnn Bean 1. Based on the video Bigger Than Enron, discuss at least five features of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) that are the result of events related to corporate fraud. Under Section 302 signing officer should be familiar with the report and are responsible for internal controls and have evaluated these internal controls within the previous ninety days and have reported on their findings. Also, report should notRead MoreBusiness Relationships Within A Business Network Context1231 Words   |  5 PagesInternationalization of Entrepreneurial Start-Ups in a Transition Environment. J. Dev. Entrepreneurship, 14(04), Pp.375-392. 19. Clercq, D., Sapienza, H. and Crijns, H. (2005). The Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Firms. Small Bus Econ, 24(4), pp.409-419. 20. Covin, J. and Miller, D. (2013). International Entrepreneurial Orientation: Conceptual Considerations, Research Themes, Measurement Issues, and Future Research Directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(1), pp.11-44. 21Read MoreSetting the Stage for Strategic Compensation and Bases for Pay1227 Words   |  5 PagesSetting the stage for strategic compensation and bases for pay Paulette Harris Professor Christopher Zapalski Compensation Management - BUS 409 July 24, 2011 1. Describe the three main goals of compensation departments.    Compensation professionals promote effective compensation systems by meeting three important goals: 1. Internal consistency 2. Market competitiveness 3. Recognition of individual contributions. Internal Consistency – Internal consistent compensation

Women s Portrayal Of Women Essay - 1307 Words

The term, media, is plural because it is the combination of different instruments (the different types of technology) that is used to perpetuate the same homophilic values and beliefs. In our everyday conversations, we utilize these words and the technologies without ever analyzing the ideas and concepts which they stand for. The extent to which we do not analyze media leaves us vulnerable to the desensitization of the messages and ideas they perpetuate. After analyzing multiple films such as Whiplash, Birdman, American Sniper, Snow White and the Huntsman, Project X and 21 Jump Street, Resident Evil, Underworld it was evident that women were negatively portrayed in films. Examples of such negative roles are that women are hypersexualized, cast in stereotypical roles and are considered less valuable because of age. Even though more films are casting older women, creating less stereotypical and sexually objective roles, the majority of films still capture women in a negative light. First, women in the film are often hypersexualized. In other words, women are often cast in roles which seem to only value their bodies and not other qualities which they have to offer. In the article, Normalizing Male Dominance: Gender Representation in 2012 Films, Chloe Beighley and Jeff Smith, analyzes the portrayal of women in film. In the film, Project X, the roles which the women play are very sexual. For example, a woman was only present in the movie when the male characters were engaged inShow MoreRelatedWomen s Portrayal Of Women Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesWoman’s portrayal has changed over the years. In history, there was times where women were deprived of men s privileges, and fortunately things changed over the years. Men s perception on women has changed over the years as well. In history, women were treated as if they were alive to compliment men, and just be in the background while men thrived. There were â€Å"expectations† that women would have to depict, and stepping out of the ordinary was not respectable. A great way to see the changes of theRead MoreWomen s Portrayal Of Women1952 Words   |  8 PagesIt is strange how one director can convey two entirely different depictions of women. Due to the time period in which Hitchcock filmed Vertigo and Psycho, women had limited capability in regards to what they could do in a film. Women could not be action heroes; in fact they were often depicted as damsels in distress. The easiest answer to this sort of prejudice is that it was a reflection of the culture of the 50s and 60s. Although this is partially true, it does not excuse the fact that male directorsRead MoreWomen s Portrayal Of Women2098 Words   |  9 PagesThe portrayal of women in advertisements has changed many times over the years. Women often appear as a sexual object in any kind of advertisement or as an attractive material standing nearby a product. Many companies which include the tobacco industry, alcohol com panies as well as clothing and electronic and entertainment industries have used women to reach a target demographic which is typically males between the age of 18-34, in order to sell or market a specific brand. Advertisements objectifyRead MoreWomen s Portrayal Of Women927 Words   |  4 Pages My depiction of women in some of the stories showed them as weak and powerless. The women only existed to please people. The characters in the stories portrayed women as tools to use for their own convenience. The stories portray women as sexualized and used by many people. The women never speak out against any rule or regulation; instead, they nod and agree with whatever someone says. Like puppets, the women in these stories only existed for someone to enjoy physically or for them to help someoneRead MoreWomen s Portrayal Of Women And Their Eras1368 Words   |  6 Pagestheir portrayal of women and their eras. To be feminine was to be the ‘prefect’ lady and young girls areà ‚  taught to submit to authority and matrimony. As a result, women are  regarded as incompatible to their male counterparts. Female roles in literature were to follow the customs of marriage, for marriage meant social success. To be unmarried is considered a failure as a woman, cursed to be a victim of society. Through out this essay we will discuss the mistreatment towards unmarried women and theRead MoreWomen s Portrayal Of Women1865 Words   |  8 PagesWe aren’t trapped in the 1950’s. Women have the right to vote and can be the breadwinner of their families. Television shows should and do portray women as go- getters who aren’t expected to stay home to cook and clean for the families. There is not anything wrong with being a stay at home mom, but it would do women a disservice to only portray them on television as the one who provides for the family. Currently, there are shows on television that present women in various roles that teach about feminismRead MoreWomen s Portrayal Of Women Essay2705 Words   |  11 Pagesabout women in ways that objectify and try to control them because back then women were not given much agency in society. The women that are being portrayed in this type of literature about unrequited love are seen as extremely flat characters who are just the objects of affections for the narrator. This is problematic as it just portrays women as someone for the narrator of the poem to pin over although women are so much more than that. However, there are some authors trying to empower women and acknowledgeRead MoreWomen s Portrayal Of Women Essay1907 Words   |  8 PagesThe portrayal of women in media has never quite aligned with the reality of how women view themselves. Magazine covers are dominated with perfect women, who rarely range in skin diversity or physical appearance in general. They all adorn the same beautiful flowing hair, with the same small dainty facial feature, the similar waist lines, and wear the same form-fitting clothes that accentuate either their real curves or photoshopped bodies. The insincerity of it all, is when you realize that theseRead MoreMedia s Portrayal Of Women1588 Words   |  7 Pages Media represents males and females by gendering them in different categories. According to a presentation, the author states, â€Å"Media perceives women in a very sexual manner whereas men are symbolized as powerful (Khan). Over and over again, the one thing that the media reveals is that women are very sexual beings. They show that they are only good for taking care of the home and the man is very powerful. For example, the author on the presentation shows a ad that a man is in a life guard outfitRead MoreMedia s Portrayal Of Women1190 Words   |  5 Pageswith appearance and numb to sexism, it comes as no surprise that women are expressing hate for their bodies more than ever before. Mass media’s portrayal of women is one of unattainable perfection— most models are stick thin with flawless complexions and pearl-white smiles. Consumers are bombarded with images of women being displayed as sex objects, valued for their physical appearance above all else. The evasiveness of media has led women to believe they must resemble the models pictured in advertisements

“The Invisible Leash” The Patty Hearst Case and the Crazy Things Victims Do Free Essays

In April 1974, roughly two months after they kidnapped Patty Hearst, the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) released a photo of Hearst as evidence that she was no longer a kidnap victim but a willing member of their group. In the photo, Hearst is pictured alone (no other members of the Symbionese Liberation Army are evident). She stands off centered in the photo (to the left) in front of the Symbionese Liberation Army’s symbol, a seven-headed cobra (â€Å"Symbionese Liberation Army†). We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The Invisible Leash†: The Patty Hearst Case and the Crazy Things Victims Do or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her stance is aggressive: her legs are apart as if she is braced and ready to shoot; her gun is pointed (not at the viewer, but off to the viewer’s right); and her finger is on the trigger. The gun itself is a serious weapon, a carbine. And Hearst’s attire is militaristic and revolutionary: she wears pants, tight, military-type clothing, and a beret of the same sort worn by revolutionary Che Guevera, in the famous photo of him snapped by Alberta Korda (â€Å"Che Guevara†). Moreover, the background color in the photo of Hearst is red, a color that suggests violence and aggression. In the lower right corner of the photo, another machine gun rests against the wall, only the upper portion of the gun is visible (its barrel), and it’s pointing upward, toward the top of the photo. While this photo is meant to depict Hearst as a willing member of the SLA, it isn’t quite successful. That is, it suggests a more complex truth: that people sometimes play roles that do not fully describe them and in which they are not at home. A close look at the photo reveals that Patty Hearst, though she assumes the stance of a guerrilla, is anything but that. Her gaze is not directed violently at the viewer; instead, she looks to the side, transforming herself into the object of the gaze rather than being the gazer. This is in sharp contrast to Korda’s famous photo of Che Guevara, whose hat style Hearst has adopted. In his photo, Guevara faces the audience squarely and audaciously (â€Å"Che Guevara†). Hearst’s posture may be audacious, but the direction of her gaze reveals submission. Other details in the photo also suggest that she is less than at home in her role as aggressive warrior. Her gun, for example, is pointed to the side – just as is her gaze. She’s not threatening the viewer with the gun; she’s exposing herself to the viewer. Plus, though none of the SLA members are present in the photo with Hearst, the unmanned, projecting gun in the lower right corner of the photo draws the eye and reminds the viewer that just off stage lurks a threat. With her glance to the side, Hearst seems almost focused on this threat. Indeed, a quick look at her eyes reveals dark circles under them. Her mouth is pinched and drawn. These are indicators that she may be uncomfortable, even stressed in her new role. In fact, the photo, along with an audio communication from Hearst on which she called her father a â€Å"corporate liar† and explained that she was joining the SLA and taking a new name (â€Å"SLA: Tania†), caused her fiance and her parents to â€Å"[speculate] that Hearst had been brainwashed or coerced. † They did not believe that the Patty Hearst they were seeing and hearing was the â€Å"real† Patty Hearst (â€Å"SLA: Patty Hearst). And, indeed, Patty Hearst, granddaughter of newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst, seems to have changed over the course of her kidnapping. Compare, for example, two of her communiques with her parents. The first was received February 12, only 9 days after armed gunman kidnapped her from her fiance’s apartment on the night of February 4, 1974 (â€Å"Radically†). In this communique, she says: Mom, Dad, I’m OK. I’m with a combat unit that’s armed with automatic weapons. And these people aren’t just a bunch of nuts. They’ve been really honest with me but they’re perfectly willing to die for what they’re doing. And I want to get out of here but the only way I’m going to is if we do it their way. And I just hope that you’ll do what they say Dad and just do it quickly. And I mean I hope that this puts you a little bit at ease and that you know that I really, really am alright. I just hope I can get back to everybody really soon. (â€Å"The Patty Hearst Tapes†) Here Hearst focuses almost entirely on her own situation, telling her parents who has taken her and what her parents need to do to free her. She mentions that her captors are serious but says very little about their political agenda. She sounds, in fact, very much like one might expect a kidnapped, 19-year-old to sound. By day 59 of Hearst’s captivity, her communiques reveal that her focus has changed from herself to the SLA’s cause. Mom, Dad. Tell the poor and oppressed people of this nation what the corporate state is about to do. Warn Black and poor people that they are about to be murdered down to the last man, woman, and child. Tell the people that the energy crisis is nothing more than a means to get public approval for a massive program to build nuclear power plants all over the nation. The message goes on in this vein and culminates with the following: â€Å"I have chosen to stay and fight. I have been given the name Tania after a comrade who fought alongside Che in Bolivia. It is in the spirit of Tania that I say, ‘Patria o Muerte, Venceremos’† (â€Å"The Patty Hearst Tapes†). The Latin phrase means â€Å"Fatherland or death: We shall overcome† (Cox), and it suggests Hearst’s transformation from heiress to warrior. Clearly Hearst had changed, and after she was caught on video camera robbing a bank with the SLA only a few months after she’d been kidnapped (Ramsland), Americans caught up in the story were left to debate whether a person is always responsible for his or her own actions. In an article published in the National Review during Hearst’s 1976 trial, one commentator gave specific voice to the questions many people were asking themselves: When given the opportunity, why didn’t Hearst â€Å"reassert her own individuality and [try] to escape? And, even more succinctly, the commentator asks: â€Å"Is Hearst guilty? † (â€Å"What Is Guilt? † 258). Hearst was eventually sentenced to 7 years in prison for helping the SLA with their criminal activities (including bank robberies), but President Carter had her released after only 22 months (Chua-Eoan), and, in 2001, President Clinton pardoned her (â€Å"Radically†), wiping her record clean. President Clin ton’s pardon suggests that Hearst was not responsible for what she did. It suggests that under specific conditions, a person can behave in ways for which she must not be held responsible. In a nutshell, it suggests that those who have endured traumatic experiences (victims) are not necessarily accountable for what they do. And, indeed, by most accounts, Hearst’s experience was traumatic. During the first several weeks of her captivity (prior to her participation in the first of several bank robberies), she was (according to her own accounts) kept in a dark closet. She was â€Å"sexually assaulted† (â€Å"Truth† 201). She was told that her parents were â€Å"insects† and that she was a member of a class of people that was â€Å"sucking blood† from the commoners. When her father visited San Quentin (as part of a ransom demand made by the SLA), and he reported that the conditions of the prisoners there was fine, Hearst’s captors reportedly told her that her living conditions (in the cramped, dark closet) were similar to those of the San Quentin prisoners. The take home message for Hearst was that her â€Å"tiny cell, stale air, and gloomy walls were [considered by her father to be] an acceptable environment for his daughter. † Her captors led her to feel increasingly alienated from her old life and from her family (â€Å"Tania’s World†). Subject to severe trauma, a person may not behave rationally or in keeping with what might be expected. For example, in 2007, when police found and liberated Shawn Hornbeck, a boy who had been abducted 4 years earlier (when he was only 12), one of the questions that surfaced repeatedly was: why didn’t he run? During at least the last two or three of his years of captivity, his captor (Michael Devlin) allowed Shawn a tremendous amount of freedom. Shawn went to school, rode his bike, and had multiple opportunities to report his situation to authorities, but he didn’t (Tresniowski, Grout, and Finan). Shawn’s attorney speculates that an â€Å"invisible leash† kept Shawn from running (qtd. in Tresniowski, Grout, and Finan). And C. Robert Cloninger, a medical doctor at the Sanson Center for Well-Being in St. Louis, indicates that victims may â€Å"[bond] with their abductors† in order to â€Å"feel safe†: Once you’ve begun to identify with your captor, you don’t have to fear them anymore, because you’re in harmony with them†¦We see this in hostage situations, where the emotional brain short circuits the rational brain. (qtd. in Tresniowski, Grout, and Finan) It was this same â€Å"invisible leash† that made Hearst do the seemingly crazy things she did: rob banks, hide from the law, remain with the SLA. A close look at her history and a careful look at the now infamous SLA photo of Hearst reveal the truth: she may have pretended to be Tania, but that was a temporary role, assumed under extreme circumstances to protect herself. Her transformation from â€Å"an apolitical rich girl† to a â€Å"gun-toting radical† (â€Å"Radically†) tells us more about the events that she was caught up in than about who she was. How to cite â€Å"The Invisible Leash†: The Patty Hearst Case and the Crazy Things Victims Do, Papers

A Paper on Shelby County V. Holder free essay sample

With the condition to receive preclearance stated in section 5 of the Act from the Department of Justice before making any changes affecting the voting process, also came four other prohibitions. The prohibition of literacy test or other similar test or devices as a prerequisite to voter registration is one prevention. The requirement of jurisdictions with significant language minority populations to provide non-English ballots and oral voting instructions is another. Third is the prohibition of vote dilution, which is the remapping of districts to suppress the minority vote. The final provision was one of the most controversial of the Act. It established the federal oversight over the administrations of elections in areas where racism and discrimination thrived. This provision of the VRA was one of the most controversial because some citizens believed it was a major intrusion of States rights. The covered jurisdictions included nine states, most of them in the south. They are; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. Since its enactment it has been renewed four times. The most recent time in 2006, was signed into law by President George W. Bush, and renewed the Act for twenty-five more years. Soon to be heard before the United States Supreme Court, is the court case Shelby County, Alabama v. Holder, Attorney General, et al. Shelby County argues that with an African American president elected twice, the VRA of 1965 has outlived its necessity. However, the tactics used to discriminate racially against the African American vote and the civil rights of United States citizens warranted this intrusion which is the purpose of the federal government. The entanglement of racism and discrimination was so deep in the south; the federal government had to establish the oversight of elections in those states with a history of discrimination. After an analysis, it should be found that then and now it is necessary to have this federal jurisdiction. Voting is one of the most important components of democracy. The ability to cast a vote in the United States is a right afforded to all of its free citizens. The Fifthteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution makes this evident. It was passed by Congress on February 26, 1869. The first part of this two sectioned Amendment reads, â€Å"The rights of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous conditions of servitude. Section two finishes with, â€Å"The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation†. Following its ratification, violations of this right still occurred on accounts of race, color, and a previous condition of servitude. An example of this violation is the African American struggle to gain it. Primary sources from the United States Constitution, the United States Code of Laws, as well as secondary sources and recent newspaper articles can be used to form an opinion of the African American struggle to gain and protect their voting rights. The American Civil War ended in 1865. However, following the end of reconstruction and the withdrawal of national attention towards other national matters, southern racism reduced the newly freed peoples to second class citizens. Chapter one of Abraham and the Second American Revolution written by, James M. McPherson, discusses the categorization of the American Civil War as a revolution. To do this he analyzes the social and economic factors that justify the appropriate use of the title. He defined revolution as the overthrow of the existing social and political order by internal violence. Social and economic factors and conditions that contributed to his definition and categorization of the American Civil War as the nation’s second revolution include; education, distribution of property and self-ownership increased, and political power with the right to vote. According to McPherson, No other period in American history witnessed anything like so great a rate of relative change. † He finished with probably one of the most defining characteristics of a revolution, a shift in political power. McPherson wrote, â€Å"At the beginning of 1867 no black man could vote in the South, a year later they were a majority of registered voters in several ex-Confederate states. † Also adding to this evidence is the fact that four years after the war blacks held 15 percent of southern offices. In his conclusion, McPherson answer what may lead one to ask if the American Civil War was indeed an extraordinary revolution, one whose likes the world had ever seen. The answer lies in the exact opposite of revolution. Counterrevolution occurred at first chance which in so many ways blanketed the revolutionary characteristics to the best of its applicability. From 1865 to 1866, immediately after the war, black codes began to surface. The purpose of these codes were to keep black labor in a state of dependence and subjection as close to slavery as possible. These codes appeared in the forms of vagrancy laws, contract labor laws the subjected freedmen to peonage and sharecropping, and violence. This code also makes for the final piece of evidence toward support of McPherson’s goal in categorizing the American Civil War as a revolution. Southern redeemers, after the withdrawal of northern Republican interest, went through great lengths to counter evolve them. Why would that be? In order to stifle the effects of a revolution, counterrevolution tried to reverse it. This is the most relevant evidence of all analyzed data in support of McPherson’s defining because had not some counterrevolution taken place the evidence of the American Civil War as being a revolution would be even stronger. The redemption of the southern United States continued to thrive until the next century. The Civil Rights Movement in the nation in the 1950s and 1960s finally confronted the disenfranchisement of African Americans. One federal law produced during this time that forced the entanglement of racism and discrimination was the Civil Rights Act of 1964, particularly in southern states where African American disenfranchisement from economic, political and social institutions was a way of life. According to the Act, All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory as enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other. It also was the first federal statute of its kind to addressed voting rights stating: All citizens of the United States who are otherwise qualified by law to vote at any election by the people in any State, Territory, district, county, city, parish, township, school district, municipality, or other territorial subdivision, shall be entitled and allowed to vote at all such elections, without distinction of race, color, or previous co ndition of servitude; any constitution, law, custom, usage, or regulation of any State or Territory, or by or under its authority, to the contrary notwithstanding. The Struggle for Black Equality, written by Harvard Sitkoff is a chronological narrative and interpretation of the struggle of the Civil Rights Movement. Sitkoff, a Professor of History at the University of New Hampshire writes, I believe then that the struggle was confronting the United States with an issue that had undermined the nations democratic institutions for nearly two hundred years, and that morality, justice, and a due concern for the future well-being of our society necessitated an end to racial inequality. In its two hundred and forty eight page entirety his book discusses the struggle for racial equality and justice between 1954 and 1980. He continues, given the rapidity with which the popular media have relegated the civil-rights battles to the scrap heap of inattention and indifference, I felt compelled to write of the strivings and sufferings of these battles to make real the promise of democracy. † In a book comprised of seven numbered chapters, he largely su cceeds in his goal. He argued within his book that 1964 CRA’s authorization of the government to withhold federal funds to; public programs practicing discriminations, banning of discrimination by employers and unions, creation of an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, establishment of a Community Relations Service, and provisions of technical and financial aid to communities desegregating their schools helped to set fire to the path to African American equality. The passing of the Voting Act of 1965 dealt directly with voting rights. Chapter 20 of the United States Code of Laws, 42 USC 1973 titled,’ The Public Health and Welfare, is where the enforcement of the VRA is codified. According to the Cornell Legal Institute, â€Å"The original length of the VRA’s preclearance provision was five years; Congress reauthorized the provision for another five years in 1970, another seven in 1975, and another twenty-five years in 1982. † The most recent reauthorization in 2006 came after twenty one Congressional hearing on the matter. Upon its review, Congress found evidence of hidden methods that infringed on the voting rights. In these hearing, over 90 witnesses were heard from and 15,000 pages of evidence collected. There were 110 House members from covered jurisdictions, 90 of them voted for renewal. Soon after President George W. Bush signed the renewed Act into law. In his speech he stated, For some parts of our country, the Voting Rights Act marked the first appearance of African Americans on the voting rolls since Reconstruction. And in the primaries and elections that followed the signing of this act, many African Americans pulled the voting lever for the first time in their lives. In four decades since the Voting Rights Act was first passed, weve made progress toward equality, yet the work for a more perfect union is never ending. Well continue to build on the legal equality won by the civil rights movement to help ensure that every person enjoys the opportunity that this great land of liberty offers. And that means a decent education and a good school for every child, a chance to own their own home or business, and the hope that comes from knowing that you can rise in our society by hard work and God-given talents. Today, we renew a bill that helped bring a community on the margins into the life of American democracy. My administration will vigorously enforce the provisions of this law, and we will defend it in court. Now in 2013, Shelby County, Alabama has brought to the Supreme Court an argument that asserts that the provision for preclearance has outlived its purpose of protecting minority voters in an era where an African American man has been reelected to the presidency. Shelby County argues that the extension violated the authority of the Fifteenth Amendment with double standards among those states covered within federal jurisdiction. These double standards are explained as the failure of several of Alabama’s submissions to be cleared under the VRA. An example of this is when the state tried to enact a law that would require residents to provide proof of citizenship when they registered to vote. Alabama compares this to identical laws passed in Arizona and Georgia. Both of these states were cleared by the Department of Justice and did not require supplemental submissions. Shelby County also argues that the measure in which preclearance is levied upon covered jurisdictions is unequal. This is based on the preclearance denials from individual jurisdictions. The previous denials mostly comprise the justification for renewal. The County claims that these denials are based on vote dilution which is not a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment because it does not actually deny access to the ballot. The other dispute from Shelby County is the infringement of states’ rights. Before this federal law, no other offered the amount of protection the VRA had on voting discrimination. In requiring certain states to be cleared before implementing any voting changes, some say this is a major intrusion on a state’s sovereignty to hold elections. Since Shelby County insists vote dilution is not a direct violation of the Fifteenth Amendment, they impose a less drastic but still adequate measure be taken that is not so intrinsic on a state’s rights. The defense is led by United States Attorney General Holder. Holder argues that he extension in 2006 was within Congress’s authority and was necessary to counter regression in voting practices among states with a history of restrictions on minority voting. Holder asserts that the preclearance is a Constitutional power and the formula for coverage, in addition to the bailout provision found in section meets the requirements of the Constitutions Fifteenth Amendment. Holder also argues that the precedent case in establishing the manner in which each jurisdiction is covered was decided in 1966 in South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966). The Supreme Court concluded, â€Å"†¦case-by-case litigation had been wholly ineffective in guaranteeing African-Americans the right to vote and that nothing short of a prophylactic remedial scheme would succeed in eradicating the â€Å"insidious and pervasive evil which had been perpetuated in certain parts of our country. † Holder then asserts that the bailout provision of the VRA also found in section 5, allows covered jurisdictions to apply to be removed from the preclearance requirement. To do so, the applicant state has to show that within the date of applying, they did not violate the VRA within the last ten years. This bailout option, argues the Attorney General, addresses the double standard Alabama claims to be subjected to. Alabama has failed to submit adequate evidence in support of a bailout option compared to other states under jurisdiction. In response, Shelby County insists that the bailout option is unachievable because of the preclearance criteria set in South Carolina v. Katzenbach and is unequal based on state to state. Also in response the plaintiff states that the use of out dated evidence from previous renewals is unconstitutional. However, the evidence used from past cases and current attempts to dilute the vote of African Americans and other minorities over the years is overwhelming. With this overwhelming, Congress finds no need on implementing another system to collect more evidence. Renewing the VRA in 2006 based coverage on election data from 1964, 1968, and 1972. This authorization of the use of old election data was challenged in Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. One v. Holder, 557 U. S. 193 (2009). Northwest presented its argument based on the current needs of the VRA and not the first generational issues the Act initially addressed. Its argument rendered the used evidence out dated, as well as the first generational needs the Act addressed. The Supreme Court ruled the evidence used under Section 5 as justified by current needs and continues with, â€Å"†¦departure from the fundamental principal of equal sovereignty requires a showing that a statute’s disparate geographic coverage is sufficiently related to the problem that it targets. † This means that the compiled evidence directly related to the covered jurisdiction are justified because it directly relates to the jurisdictions under oversight. The main arguments presented in cases to take down the VRA are based on constitutionality and state rights. Constitutionality can be cited on the preclearance requirement and the formula in which jurisdiction is decided. In each renewal Congress used old evidence as precedence as well as newly collected data. We have seen this with the 21 Congressional hearings on its latest renewal. After analyzing the ways in which coverage and preclearance have been decided one assume that this federal law under the VRA is still necessary. When Shelby Count asserts that vote dilution is not a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment, they also assert that it can be used because it is not a denial of access to the ballet. However, remapping districts within a state to suppress votes is an underlying denial of the ballet. â€Å"Supreme Court to Hear Alabamas Countys Challenge to Voting Rights Act,† is a newspaper article published in the New York Times that will support this. It is written surrounding Shelby County, Alabama v. Holder. The article also gives a current example of the hidden discrimination tactics still being used. Jerome Gray is seventy four year old African American man in Evergreen, Alabama. In the summer of 2012 during an election he was removed from the voting rolls by a clerk who pulled the list based on new utility records. According to the VRA this violated the provision that some named states and local governments were required to obtain permission from the DOJ or from a federal court in Washington before making changes that affect voting. Voting is power. Its power lies in giving people an opportunity to elect candidates of their choosing. These elected candidates will hopefully stand for the beliefs and goals of their electives. Voting also gives a sense of liberty for those who are able to exercise it. Withholding the right to vote was a reminder to those excluded that they were un-American and ineligible to participate in our societies’ fundamental rights and civic duties. The entanglement of racism and discrimination was so deep in the south; the federal government had to establish the oversight of elections in those states with a history of discrimination. After an analysis, it should be found that then and now it is necessary to have this federal jurisdiction.